Organized from atom to biosphere, Use materials and energy, Maintain homeostasis, Respond to stimuli, Reproduce and grow, Evolve: change over time - with Answers:What characteristics are shared by living organisms? Homeostasis - with Answers:relativel

  Organized from atom to biosphere, Use materials and energy, Maintain homeostasis, Respond to stimuli, Reproduce and grow, Evolve: change over time - with Answers:What characteristics are shared by living organisms? Homeostasis - with Answers:relatively constant internal environment atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere - with Answers:How are living things organized? Cultural heritage, Highly developed brains, Completely upright stance, Creative language skills, Varied tool use, Modification of our environment for our own purpose - with Answers:What distinguishes humans? Science is a way of knowing the natural world, Science and scientists should be objective, Scientific conclusions may change or be modified as our understand and technology increase, Science is studied using the scientific method. - with Answers:What do we know about science? Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment/Observations, Conclusion, Revise Hypothesis/Scientific Theory - with Answers:The steps of the scientific method Cell Theory, Homeostasis Theory, Gene Theory - with Answers:What are the scientific theories in Biology? All organisms are composed of cells, and new cells only come from pre-existing cells. - with Answers:What is cell theory? The internal environment of an organisms stays relatively constant. - with Answers:What is the homeostasis theory? Organisms contain coded information that dictates their from, function, and behavior - with Answers:What is Gene theory? The smallest units of an element that retain the element's physical and chemical properties, which bond together to form molecules - with Answers:What are atoms? Made of the same atom or different atoms - with Answers:What are molecules? Water is liquid at room temperature, Liquid water does not change temperature quickly, Water has a high heat of evaporation, Frozen water is less dense than liquid water, Molecules of water cling together, Water is a solvent for polar molecules - with Answers:What are the properties of water? Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atom. They are relatively weak bonds. - with Answers:What bond holds water molecules together? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids - with Answers:What organic molecules are found in living organisms? Amino acids - with Answers:What are proteins made out of? Diverse functions in the body: hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport; The shape of a protein in important for its function; Can denature. - with Answers:What are proteins? Denature - with Answers:undergo a change in shape that causes loss of function Made of nucleotide subunits; Function in the cell to make proteins; include RNA and DNA - with Answers:What are nucleic acids? Glucose - with Answers:What's the monomer of carbohydrates? Glycerol acid, Fatty acid - with Answers:What are the monomers of Lipids? Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells - with Answers:What are the 2 major types of cells in all living organisms? A plasma membrane that surrounds and delineates the cell; A cytoplasm; DNA - with Answers:What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common? The semi-fluid substance inside the cell that contains organelles - with Answers:What is cytoplasm? Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated transport, Active transport - with Answers:How do things move across the plasma membrane? Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated transport - with Answers:What does not use energy? (From higher to lower concentration) Active transport - with Answers:What requires energy (ATP)? (From lower to higher concentration) A protein carrier - with Answers:What does active transport need? The diffusion of water - with Answers:What is osmosis? Solutions have less solute than the inside of the cell - with Answers:What is hypotonic? Solutions have more solute than the inside of the cell and lead to crenation (shriveling) - with Answers:What is hypertonic? The cell bursts and explodes - with Answers:How does a hypotonic solution change a cell? Production of ATP in a cell, which includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), electron transport chain - with Answers:How do we get energy from the food we eat? Cellular respiration? Makes very few ATP, occurs in the cytoplasm, Does not use oxygen (anaerobic), Quick energy! - with Answers:What is glycolysis? Makes lots of ATP, Occurs in the mitochondria, Requires oxygen (aerobic), Takes longer but get a lot more energy (ATPs) - with Answers:What is electron transport chain? Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endomembrane system - with Answers:What structures are involved in protein production? Other carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids - with Answers:What other molecules besides glucose can be used in cellular respiration? Replicates to be passed on to the next generation, Stores information, Undergoes mutations to provide genetic diversity - with Answers:What does DNA do? DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded - with Answers:What's the difference of structure between DNA and RNA? The sequence of amino acids - with Answers:What determines the shape of the protein? At the ribosomes - with Answers:How are proteins synthesized? DNA is read to make a RNA in the nuclues - with Answers:What is transcription? RNA is read to make a protein in the cytoplasm - with Answers:What is translation? 3 bases - with Answers:How many bases of RNA is needed to make a codon? A typical codon specifies a particular amino acid in translation - with Answers:What is a codon? Bases act as a code for amino acids used in translation. - with Answers:What are the bases role in the genetic code? More than one codon codes for the same amino acid (degenerate) - with Answers:What's unique about the code? Interphase - with Answers:During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase - with Answers:What are the phases of mitosis? Division of the nucleus - with Answers:What is mitosis? Cell growth and cell repair - with Answers:What is the function for mitosis? Body cells - with Answers:Where does mitosis occur? 2 diploid cells that are genetically identical - with Answers:What's the result of mitosis? It makes and divides an exact copy of its nucleus - with Answers:What is a diploid cell? Chromosomes already duplicated and visible, nuclear envelope fallen apart - with Answers:What happens in prophase? Chromosomes align at the center of the cell - with Answers:What happens in metaphase? Chromatids pulled away towards poles of the cells - with Answers:What happens in anaphase? Chromosomes are at the poles of the cells, daughter cells forming, nuclear envelope reassembles - with Answers:What happens in telophase? Cytokinesis - with Answers:When does division of the cytoplasm of the cell occur? Nucleus - with Answers:Which organelle divides during mitosis? Production of sex cells (sperm and egg) - with Answers:What's the function of Meiosis? sex cells - with Answers:Where does Meiosis occur? 2 - with Answers:How many nuclear divisions in Meiosis? 1 - with Answers:How many nuclear divisions in Mitosis? 4 Haploid cells, genetically different - with Answers:What is the result of meiosis? 8 phases (4 in each) - with Answers:How many phases in Meiosis? Do not contribute to body function, Have abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and may have an abnormal number of chromosomes, unlimited ability to divide (don't seem to die), Form tumors, Become gradually abnormal through multiple stages, Form their own blood supply and can spread to different parts of the body - with Answers:What are the characteristics of cancer cells? Genetics, Environmental carcinogens (radiation, tobacco smokes, pollutants, viruses) - with Answers:What causes cancer? Specific genes for a particular trait written with symbols - with Answers:What is a genotype? Express and mask a recessive gene - with Answers:What does a dominant allele do? Only expressed when a gene has 2 of this type of allele - with Answers:What does a recessive allele do? Alternate forms of a specific gene at the same position on a gene - with Answers:What are alleles? the physical or outward expression of the genotype - with Answers:What is a phenotype? Considers the inheritance of 1 characteristic - with Answers:What does a one-trait cross consider? Considers the inheritance of 2 characteristics - with Answers:What does a two-trait cross consider? 1 allele per gamete - with Answers:What is the limit for gametes in terms of alleles? When the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between phenotypes of the 2 homozygotes - with Answers:When does incomplete dominance occur? Phenotype is in between that of parents - with Answers:What is incomplete dominance? Occurs when the alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote - with Answers:When does codominance occur? The gene exists in several allelic forms. A person only has 2 of the possible alleles - with Answers:What is multiple allele inheritance? You must have two recessive alleles of (i i) - with Answers:How can you have Blood Type O? Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes - with Answers:What is sex-linked inheritance? the allele is carried on the X chromosome - with Answers:What is X-linked inheritance? the allele is carried on the Y chromosome - with Answers:What is Y-linked inheritance? X-linked - with Answers:Most sex-linked traits are? More males than females - with Answers:Who gets the most affected from X-linked Recessive Disorders? All of her sons will have it - with Answers:If a woman has an X-linked Recessive Disorder, what happens to her sons? One generation from the grandfather to the grandson - with Answers:How often does the disorder skip a generation? 2 or more sets of alleles govern 1 trait - with Answers:What is polygenic inheritance? a polygenic trait that is particularly influenced by the environment - with Answers:What is multifactorial trait? Skin color is influenced by sun exposure OR height can be affected by nutrition - with Answers:What's an example of multifactorial trait? skin color ranges from very dark to very light - with Answers:What's an example of polygenic inheritance?