Samenvatting Kwantitatief onderzoek

Methodologie:
Kwantitatief onderzoek
Dimitri Beeckman
2018 – 2019




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,Inhoudsopgave

1. INTRODUCTION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.1. EXAMEN ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.2. INDELING WETENSCHAPPELIJK OZ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.3. FUNDAMENTEEL WETENSCHAPPELIJKE CURSUS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2. H4: RESEARCH PROBLEMS, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 7
2.1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 7
2.1.1. BASIC TERMINOLOGY 7
2.1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND PARADIGMS 9
2.1.3. SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 10
2.2. DEVELOPING AND REFINING RESEARCH PROBLEMS 10
2.2.1. SELECTING A TOPIC 10
2.2.2. NARROWING THE TOPIC 11
2.2.3. EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS 11
2.3. COMMUNICATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS 12
2.3.1. STATEMENTS OF PURPOSE 12
2.3.2. RESEARCH QUESTION 13
2.3.3. PROBLEM STATEMENTS 15
2.4. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 15
2.4.1. FUNCTION OF HYPOTHESES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 15
2.4.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF TESTABLE HYPOTHESE 16
2.4.3. THE DERIVATION OF HYPOTHESES 16
2.4.4. WORDING OF HYPOTHESES 17
2.4.5. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 18

3. H5: LITERATURE REVIEWS: FINDINGS AND CRITIQUING EVIDENCE 19
3.1. GETTING STARTED ON A LITERATURE REVIEW 19
3.1.1. LITERATURE REVIEWS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TRADITION 24
3.1.2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEWS 24
3.1.3. TYPES OF INFORMATION FOR A RESEARCH REVIEW 24
3.1.4. MAJOR STEPS AND STRATEGIES IN DOING A LITERATURE REVIEW 24
3.1.5. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUESTIONS FOR A REVIEW 24
3.2. LOCATING RELEVANT LITERATURE FOR A RESEARCH REVIEW 24
3.2.1. FORMULATING A SEARCH STRATEGY 24
3.2.2. SEARCHING BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES 24
3.2.3. KEY ELECTRONIC DATABASES FOR NURSE RESEARCHERS 24
3.2.4. SCREENING AND GATHERING REFERENCES 24
3.2.5. DOCUMENTATION IN LITERATURE RETRIEVAL 24
3.3. ABSTRACTING AND RECORDING INFORMATION 24
3.3.1. CODING IN STUDIES 24
3.3.2. LITERATURE REVIEW PROTOCOLS 24
3.3.3. LITERATURE REVIEW MATRICES 24
3.4. CRITIQUING STUDIES AND EVALUATING THE EVIDENCE 25
3.4.1. RESEARCH CRITIQUES OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES 25
3.4.2. EVALUATING A BODY OF RESEARCH 25
3.5. ANALYZING AND SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION 25
3.6. PREPARING A WRITTEN LITERATURE REVIEW 25




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,4. H7: ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH 26
4.1. ETHICS AND RESEARCH 26
4.1.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 26
4.1.2. CODES OF ETHICS 26
4.1.3. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 27
4.1.4. ETHICAL DILEMMA’S IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH 27
4.2. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 28
4.2.1. BENEFICENCE 29
4.2.2. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY 30
4.2.3. JUSTICE 31
4.3. PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 32
4.3.1. RISK AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENTS 32
4.3.2. INFORMED CONSENT AND PARTICIPANT AUTHORIZATION 33
4.3.3. CONFIDENTIALITY PROCEDURES 36
4.3.4. DEBRIEFINGS, COMMUNICATIONS AND REFERRALS 37
4.3.5. TREATMENT OF VULNERABLE GROUPS 37
4.3.6. EXTERNAL REVIEWS AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 37
4.3.7. BUILDING ETHICS INTO THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY 38
4.4. OTHER ETHICAL ISSUES 39
4.4.1. ETHICAL ISSUES IN USING ANIMALS IN RESEARCH 39
4.4.2. RESEARCH MISCONDUCT 39

5. H9: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN 40
5.1. GENERAL DESIGN ISSUES 40
5.1.1. CAUSALITEIT 40
5.2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 42
5.2.1. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL 42
5.2.2. SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 47
5.2.3. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF EXPERIMENTS 52
5.3. QUASI EXPERIMENTS 53
5.3.1. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 53
5.3.2. STERKTES EN BEPERKINGEN VAN QUASI-EXPERIMENTEN 56
5.4. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 57
5.4.1. CORRELATIONAL CAUSE-PROBING RESEARCH 57
5.4.2. DESCRIPTIEF ONDERZOEK 60
5.4.3. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH 60
5.5. DESIGN AND RESEARCH EVIDENCE 61
5.5.1. EVIDENTIE 61
5.5.2. HIËRARCHIE VAN DE DESIGNS (= DE PIRAMIDE) 61

6. H10: RIGOR AND VALIDITY IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 63
6.1. VALIDITY AND INTERFERENCE 63
6.1.1. VALIDITY AND VALIDITY TREATS 63
6.1.2. TYPES OF VALIDITY 63
6.1.3. CONTROLLING INTRINSIC SOURCE OF CONFOUNDING VARIABILITY 63
6.2. STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY 66
6.2.1. LOW STATISTICAL POWER 67
6.2.2. RESTRICTION OF RANGE 68
6.2.3. UNRELIABLE IMPLEMENTATION OF A TREATMENT 68
6.3. INTERNAL VALIDITY 68
6.3.1. THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY (SOORTEN BIAS) 69


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, 6.3.2. INTERNAL VALIDITY AND RESEARCH DESIGN 71
6.3.3. INTERNAL VALIDITY AND DATA-ANALYSES 72
6.4. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY 74
6.4.1. ENHANCING CONSTRUCT VALIDITY 74
6.4.2. THREATS TO CONSTRUCT VALIDITY (NALEZEN) 74
6.5. EXTERNAL VALIDITY 75
6.5.1. ENHANCEMENTS TO ETERNAL VALIDITY 75
6.5.2. THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY 75
6.6. TRADE-OFF AND PRIORITIES IN STUDY VALIDITY 76

7. H11: SPECIFIC TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 77
7.1. CLINICAL TRIALS 77
7.1.1. PHASES OF A FULL CLINICAL TRIAL (BOEK LEZEN) 77
7.1.2. SEQUENTIAL CLINICAL TRIALS 80
7.1.3. PRACTICAL CLINICAL TRIALS 81
7.2. EVALUATION RESEARCH (BOEK) 81
7.2.1. PROCESS OR IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSES 82
7.2.2. OUTCOME ANALYSIS 82
7.2.3. IMPACT ANALYSIS 83
7.2.4. COST ANALYSIS 83
7.3. HEALTH SERVICES AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 84
7.3.1. MODELS OF HEALTHCARE QUALITY 85
7.4. SURVEY RESEARCH 86
7.5. OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH 87
7.5.1. SECONDAIRY RESEARCH 87
7.5.2. NEEDS ASSESSMENTS 87
7.5.3. DELPHI SURVEYS 87
7.5.4. REPLICATION STUDIES 87
7.5.5. METHODOLOGIC STUDIES 87
7.5.6. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI) PROJECTS 87

8. H12: SAMPLING IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 89
8.1. INLEIDING 89
8.2. BASIC SAMPLING CONCEPTS 90
8.2.1. DE POPULATIE 90
8.2.2. ELIGIBILITY 91
8.2.3. SAMPLES EN SAMPLING 92
8.2.4. STRATA 93
8.2.5. STAGED SAMPLING 94
8.2.6. SAMPLING BIAS 94
8.3. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING (= NIET-TOEVALLIGE STEEKPROEF) 95
8.3.1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING 95
8.3.2. QUOTA SAMPLING 96
8.3.3. CONSECUTIVE SAMPLING 97
8.3.4. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING 98
8.3.5. DE EVALUATIE VAN NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING 98
8.4. POBABILITY SAMPLING 98
8.4.1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING 99
8.4.2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING 100
8.4.3. MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING 100
8.4.4. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING 101


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