Opota state Questions with 100%
Correct Answers
Explain the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question.
- Correct Answer A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may
be the basis of a test question.
Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training. - Correct Answer To be able to
protect the life and property of yourself and the public.
List a peace officer's main goals - Correct Answer Prevent crime, enforce laws,
preserve the peace, protect civil rights and liberties, provide services.
Explain items to consider when exercising discretion. - Correct Answer Use sound
judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or
citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than a trespassing arrest)
Explain the factors necessary for the commission of a crime (crime triangle) - Correct
Answer Desire, Victim, Opportunity
State the core concepts of community policing - Correct Answer -Partnership between
Police & Community
-Crime prevention
-Organizational Change in Agency
-A problem solving approach to the police role that is proactive
Recognize considerations for off duty situations - Correct Answer • behavior often
critisized by the community even when not on duty
• not only does this refer to physical and verbal
• also online media
• officers are expected to up hold the law enforcement code of ethics.
• Situational awareness- an officer should make every effort to remain alert even when
not working.
State the purposes of the bill of right. - Correct Answer To protect individual freedoms.
To prevent the government from interfering in your protected rights.
Describe the major components of the criminal justice system. - Correct Answer law
enforcement, courts, corrections
List the goals of sentencing - Correct Answer Punish the offender and in many cases,
rehabilitate the offender
Protect society
Restore the victim as much as possible
,Distinguish the concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - Correct Answer
"Lawful" is defined by laws and standards
"Police Legitimacy" Exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise
power in order to maintain social order.
Identify three resulting judgements of police legitimacy in action that translate into
positive results. - Correct Answer •judgement- public trust and confidence in the police
as being honest, trying to do jobs well, trying to protect community.
Result- Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police-community
partnerships
•Judgement- public willingness to defer to the law and police authority.
Result- there is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the
police as legitimate: in addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an
increased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable
information about known and suspected offenders.
• Judgement- public belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate.
Result- citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis.
Determine when it is permissible for citizens to film police - Correct Answer • At least
one party to the encounter consents or
• When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere
with the officers carrying out their duties
Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - Correct
Answer Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable
physical characteristics
It is not, as many people think, based on genetics
Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all
species and ...
Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely
distinguishes one so-called race from another
This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood
type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another
Differentiate the types of racism. - Correct Answer Individual racism - Internalized,
unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race
Interpersonal racism - Occurs between individuals. Includes public expressions of racial
prejudice and hate made by individuals
Institutional racism
,-Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated
by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable
opportunities and impacts
-Occurs within and between institutions
-Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the
institution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someone
with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treating
someone with racial bias)
Structural racism
-Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate
racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent
-It is broadly encompassing - it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics,
economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge
-Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing
policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional
Identify the components of bias. - Correct Answer Stereotypes - generalizations about
the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.e., cognitive component)
• We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role
• Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientist
point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups
Prejudices - an often-negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age,
etc., that is not necessarily reasonable or logical
Attitude - positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the
tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably toward someone or
something
Differentiate bias-based profiling and criminal profiling - Correct Answer • Bias-based
profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used
interchangeably.
• Bias-based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person
by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the
person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
• Criminal profiling: based on observed behaviors and characteristics
• Bias-based profiling: the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are
initiating factors for law enforcement intervention
Explain explicit biases and implicit biases - Correct Answer Explicit bias and implicit bias
- common characteristics
• Everyone possesses them
• They have real-world effects on behavior
• They can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height,
weight, or age
Explicit bias - conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category
, Implicit bias - preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on
stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate
outside of our awareness
Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but they are still distinct concepts
• While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be
dissociated from explicit biases- our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our
explicit beliefs
• Implicit biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful
and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact
our interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote police
legitimacy
Differentiate the two modes of thinking. - Correct Answer •(system 1) Automatic thinking
Unconscious, effortless, automatic, uses associative memory, very fast
•( system 2) Deliberative thinking
Conscious, effortful, controlled, deliberative, slower
Identify strategies to counter implicit biases - Correct Answer Guarding against its
influence in decision making
• Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential
biases
• Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair
Know when you are susceptible
• Conditions
o Ambiguous or incomplete information
o Time constraints
o Compromised cognitive control
High cognitive load (i.e., processing many thoughts at one time)
Fatigue (i.e., tired)
Result - when the previous factors are present which they often are in the law
enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to System 1 thinking
Response - engage deliberative processing slow down your thinking
Overcoming biases
• Recognizing your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred creates a
process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased
one
• Counter-stereotypic imaging - develop new associations by looking at positive
examples that challenge negative associations
• Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way
with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references
• Be empathetic
Effort required
• Intention, attention, and time are needed to build new associations well enough for
them to compete with a person's implicit biases
Correct Answers
Explain the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question.
- Correct Answer A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may
be the basis of a test question.
Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training. - Correct Answer To be able to
protect the life and property of yourself and the public.
List a peace officer's main goals - Correct Answer Prevent crime, enforce laws,
preserve the peace, protect civil rights and liberties, provide services.
Explain items to consider when exercising discretion. - Correct Answer Use sound
judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or
citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than a trespassing arrest)
Explain the factors necessary for the commission of a crime (crime triangle) - Correct
Answer Desire, Victim, Opportunity
State the core concepts of community policing - Correct Answer -Partnership between
Police & Community
-Crime prevention
-Organizational Change in Agency
-A problem solving approach to the police role that is proactive
Recognize considerations for off duty situations - Correct Answer • behavior often
critisized by the community even when not on duty
• not only does this refer to physical and verbal
• also online media
• officers are expected to up hold the law enforcement code of ethics.
• Situational awareness- an officer should make every effort to remain alert even when
not working.
State the purposes of the bill of right. - Correct Answer To protect individual freedoms.
To prevent the government from interfering in your protected rights.
Describe the major components of the criminal justice system. - Correct Answer law
enforcement, courts, corrections
List the goals of sentencing - Correct Answer Punish the offender and in many cases,
rehabilitate the offender
Protect society
Restore the victim as much as possible
,Distinguish the concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - Correct Answer
"Lawful" is defined by laws and standards
"Police Legitimacy" Exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise
power in order to maintain social order.
Identify three resulting judgements of police legitimacy in action that translate into
positive results. - Correct Answer •judgement- public trust and confidence in the police
as being honest, trying to do jobs well, trying to protect community.
Result- Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police-community
partnerships
•Judgement- public willingness to defer to the law and police authority.
Result- there is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the
police as legitimate: in addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an
increased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable
information about known and suspected offenders.
• Judgement- public belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate.
Result- citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis.
Determine when it is permissible for citizens to film police - Correct Answer • At least
one party to the encounter consents or
• When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere
with the officers carrying out their duties
Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - Correct
Answer Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable
physical characteristics
It is not, as many people think, based on genetics
Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all
species and ...
Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely
distinguishes one so-called race from another
This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood
type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another
Differentiate the types of racism. - Correct Answer Individual racism - Internalized,
unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race
Interpersonal racism - Occurs between individuals. Includes public expressions of racial
prejudice and hate made by individuals
Institutional racism
,-Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated
by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable
opportunities and impacts
-Occurs within and between institutions
-Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the
institution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someone
with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treating
someone with racial bias)
Structural racism
-Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate
racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent
-It is broadly encompassing - it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics,
economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge
-Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing
policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional
Identify the components of bias. - Correct Answer Stereotypes - generalizations about
the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.e., cognitive component)
• We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role
• Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientist
point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups
Prejudices - an often-negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age,
etc., that is not necessarily reasonable or logical
Attitude - positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the
tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably toward someone or
something
Differentiate bias-based profiling and criminal profiling - Correct Answer • Bias-based
profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used
interchangeably.
• Bias-based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person
by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the
person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
• Criminal profiling: based on observed behaviors and characteristics
• Bias-based profiling: the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are
initiating factors for law enforcement intervention
Explain explicit biases and implicit biases - Correct Answer Explicit bias and implicit bias
- common characteristics
• Everyone possesses them
• They have real-world effects on behavior
• They can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height,
weight, or age
Explicit bias - conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category
, Implicit bias - preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on
stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate
outside of our awareness
Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but they are still distinct concepts
• While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be
dissociated from explicit biases- our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our
explicit beliefs
• Implicit biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful
and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact
our interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote police
legitimacy
Differentiate the two modes of thinking. - Correct Answer •(system 1) Automatic thinking
Unconscious, effortless, automatic, uses associative memory, very fast
•( system 2) Deliberative thinking
Conscious, effortful, controlled, deliberative, slower
Identify strategies to counter implicit biases - Correct Answer Guarding against its
influence in decision making
• Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential
biases
• Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair
Know when you are susceptible
• Conditions
o Ambiguous or incomplete information
o Time constraints
o Compromised cognitive control
High cognitive load (i.e., processing many thoughts at one time)
Fatigue (i.e., tired)
Result - when the previous factors are present which they often are in the law
enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to System 1 thinking
Response - engage deliberative processing slow down your thinking
Overcoming biases
• Recognizing your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred creates a
process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased
one
• Counter-stereotypic imaging - develop new associations by looking at positive
examples that challenge negative associations
• Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way
with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references
• Be empathetic
Effort required
• Intention, attention, and time are needed to build new associations well enough for
them to compete with a person's implicit biases
