Final Exam: NR565/ NR 565 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pharmacology Complete Review (Weeks 5-8) -Questions and Verified Answers -100% Correct- A Grade Chamberlain

Final Exam: NR565/ NR 565 (New 2024/ 2025
Update) Advanced Pharmacology Complete
Review (Weeks 5-8) -Questions and Verified
Answers -100% Correct- A Grade -
Chamberlain
QUESTION
IEarlyIsignsIofIlacticIacidosis

Answer:
-hyperventilation
-myalgia
-malaise
-unusualIsomnolence




QUESTION
IGlucagonlikeIPeptideI(GLP-1)

Answer:
-alsoIcalledIincretinImimetics
-subcutaneousIinjections
-MOA
•IcauseIincreaseIinIinsulinIproductionI&IinhibitIpostprandialIglucagonIreleaseI&IincreaseIsatiet
y
•IaugmentIeffectsIofIincretinIhormoneIGLP-1

-canIbeIhelpfulIinIobeseIpatients
•IstimulateIweightIlossI&IsuppressionIofIappetite

-BaselineIdata
•IrandomIplasmaIglucose
•IfastingIplasmaIglucose
•IA1C

,•IserumIelectrolytes
•IurinaryIglucoseI&Iketones

-monitoring
•IamylaseI&Ilipase
•IglucoseIlevels
•IA1CI(2-4x/year)

-AEs
•IeducationIonIs/sIhypoglycemia
•IdelayedIgastricIemptying

-Contraindications
•Ipancreatitis
•IrenalIdysfunction
•Ipregnancy
•IpersonalIorIfamilyIhxIofImedullaryIthyroidIcarcinomaIorImultipleIendocrineIneoplasiaIsyndr
omeItypeI2




QUESTION
ISodium-GlucoseICotransporter-2IInhibitorsI(SGLT2)

Answer:
-MOA
•IlimitsIreabsorptionIofIglucoseIinItheIrenalItubules
•IblockIglucoseIreabsorptionIbyItheIkidneysIinItheIproximalInephronI&IincreaseItheIreleaseIof
IglucoseIinIurine
-effectiveIinIallIstagesIofItypeIIIIDM
-noIconcernsIforIhypoglycemia
-
DueItoIactionsIonItheIkidneys,IthereIisIriskIforIvolumeIdepletionI&IhypotensionI&IcanIleadIto
IdiabeticIketoacidosis

-BaselineIdata
•IrandomIplasmaIglucose
•IfastingIplasmaIglucose
•IA1C
•IserumIelectrolytes
•IurinaryIglucoseI&Iketones

,-Monitoring:
•ICreatinineI&Iurinalysis
•IglucoseIlevels
•IAICI(2-4x/year)

-mayIcauseIweightIloss

-AEs
•IincreaseIofIglucoseIinItheIurine,IpatientsIareIatIhigherIriskIforIUTIsI&Ipyelonephritis
•IalsoIincreasedIriskIforItheIneedIforIlegI&IfootIamputationsIinIptsIonISGLT2Idrugs
•IeducationIonIs/sIhypoglycemia
•Idehydration

-contraindication
•IcautionIwithIvulvovaginalIinfectionsI&IUTIs




QUESTION
IincretinIhormones

Answer:
-gutIpeptides,IsecretedIafterInutrientIintake
•IstimulateIinsulinIsecretion
•IslowIgastricIemptyingI&IinhibitIglucagonIrelease

-GlucoseIdependentIinsulinItropicIpolypeptideIandIglucagon-likeIpeptide-1I(GLP-1)
•IknownIincretinIhormonesIfromItheIupperI&IlowerIgut

*subjectsIwithITypeIIIIdiabetes,IincretinIeffectIisIdiminishedIorInoIlongerIpresent




QUESTION
IDipeptidylIPeptidase-4IInhibitorsI(DPP-4i)

Answer:
-inhibitIDPP-4IactivityI&IincreaseIactiveIincretinIconcentrationsIwhichIresultIin:

, •IincreasedIinsulinIsecretionI&IdecreasedIglucagon
-mayIcauseIsevereI&IdisablingIjointIpain
•IcanIoccurIatIanyIpointIinItimeIduringItx
-mayIcauseIangioedemaI&IacuteIpancreatitis

-IncretinsIareIhormonesIproducedIinItheIGIItractIwhenInutrientsIareIconsumed
•IhaveIimportantIactionsIthatIcontributeItoIglucoseIhomeostasis
•IincludeIgastricIinhibitoryIpolypeptideI(GIP)IandIglucagonlikeIpeptide-1I(GLP-1)




QUESTION
IThiazolidinedionesI(glitazonesIorITZDs)

Answer:
-onlyIindicationIisITypeIIIIdiabetes
-MOA
•IdecreaseIinsulinIresistance
•IenhanceIinsulinIsensitivityIinImuscleItissueI&IreduceIglucagonIproductionIinItheIliver
-shouldIbeItakenIdailyIwithIbreakfast
-canIbeIcombinedIwithIotherIdiabeticIagents

-BaselineIdata
•IrandomIplasmaIglucose
•IfastingIplasmaIglucose
•IA1CI
•IserumIelectrolytes
•IurinaryIglucoseI&Iketones

-monitoring
•ILFTsIdueItoIactionIofItheIdrugIinItheIliver
•IglucoseIlevels
•IA1CI(2-4x/year)
•IweightI&IBMIIisIneeded

-AEs
•ImayIcauseIweightIgain
•IeducateIonIS/SIhypoglycemia
•IheartIfailure

-Contraindications