RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 Terms in this set (84) Define Bolus: Intravenous dose of contrast media. Iodinated material is an example of ________ contrast. Positive or Negative Positive Define Iodination: attenuation of x-rays Define Osmolality: the con

RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 Terms in this set (84) Define Bolus: Intravenous dose of contrast media. Iodinated material is an example of ________ contrast. Positive or Negative Positive Define Iodination: attenuation of x-rays Define Osmolality: the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram of H20 Ionics produce particles increasing osmolality. Nonionics do not. Ionics produce CHARGED particles. Define Viscosity: Thickness of solution. Resistance to flow Define Toxicity: Toxicity is related to the medias characteristics, route, and rate of delivery. What does HOCA stand for? High Osmolar Contrast Agents HOCAs are: Ionic or Non Ionic Ionic What does LOCA stand for? Low Osmolar Contrast Agents LOCAs are: Ionic or Non Ionic Non Ionic _ cause excess fluid to be drawn from cells. Cell and tissue dehydration results, affecting blood pressure, volume and cardiac output. Osmosis The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is: The BBB is a filter mechanism that only allows selected substances into the brain. What are five mild adverse reactions to contrast medium? 1) Warmth 2) Flushing 3) Metalic taste 4) Coughing RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 What are three moderate adverse reactions to contrast medium? 1) Erythema 2) Urticaria 3) Bronchospasm Air and gasses are what kind of contrast media? Positive or Negative Negative Contrast What color does negative contrast appear as on an x ray image? Dark Air and gas contrast media show up darker and exacerbate the much lighter colors of _________ ___________ Soft tissue Define Myelography and list a contrast medium often used in its examination. Myelography is a visualization of the spinal canal. C02 or other gasses (negative contrast) is often used? What is an instance where air and gasses would be used for contrast opposed to an Iodinated media? If a Pt was allergic to iodine, air and gas may be used. Iodinated contrast media are: Positive or Negative Positive Barium Sulfate is a form of contrast media. Positive or Negative Positive What is the main difference in negative and positive forms of contrast media in terms of X-Ray attenuation? Positive contrast agents such as BS and Iodinated medium absorb more radiation than their surrounding tissues and therefore shows up as a brighter white. Negative contrast does not which helps accentuate the surrounding tissues. The principle solvent for an iodinated compound is: Water How many trauma levels are there when it comes to classifying hospitals? Three Which trauma level has physicians, surgeons, and support personnel staffed around the clock and are fully ready to handle all levels of injuries? Level 1 What is the golden hour? The time from injury to definitive care, during which treatment of shock and traumatic injuries should occur because survival potential is best. The is a group of individuals from multiple disciplines who work together to assess and stabilize a trauma patient. Trauma Team The process of identifying the victims, performing initial examinations, and assigning priorities for further care is called____________: Triage Every hospital is required to have a designated and written disaster plan. True or False True What is a code orange? Hazardous spill or release What is a code blue? Cardiac arrest or cessation of respiration RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 What is a code yellow? Internal/External disaster - triage What is a code amber? Missing child/Abduction Patients in the emergency department are classified as ______________, ____________ & _. Non-urgent, Urgent, & Life-threatening Name 5 things commonly found in a code/crash cart? Defibrilator Blood Pressure Cuff Stethoscope Bag valve mask Medications Glucagon is a drug that __________ hypoglycemia. Reverses O2 saturation should be above: 90% Who are the staff involved in the Transport Team? First responders, paramedics, and EMTs 24 hour care in all services, some on call, no Medivac, describes what level trauma center: Level 2 24 hour emergency care, some services on call, describes what level trauma center: Level 3 24 hour care in all services with Medivac capabilities, describes what level trauma center: Level 1 Who are some individuals that may be on the trauma staff? ER physicians ER nurses Anesthetists Respiratory therapists Record keepers The emergency response team is also called the team. Code team Name 5 medications that may be on an Emergency cart: Glucagon- reverses hypoglycemia Heparin- inhibits blood coagulation Vasopressin- vasoconstrictor Xylocaine/Lidocaine- Anesthetic What are the four stages in disaster response: 1) Notify person in charge 2) Call list/call tree implemented 3) Group leaders assign tasks 4) Post disaster debriefing Patient assessments in the ER are classified in what three categories: -Nonurgent -Urgent -Life-threatening In two equally urgent cases, which case is to be performed first? The exam that will take the shortest amount of time. O2 masks deliver ______ to L/min 3 to 5 Nasal cannulas deliver L/min 4L What is an oxygen tent? A device usually used on children that maintains high O2 and humidity. What is a pulmonary embolism? A PE is a substance such as a blood clot, fat, or air that travels through the vascular RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 Define Ischemia: Compromised blood supply to a major organ like the heart of the brain. What are some signs of cardiac ischemia? Crushing pain radiating to the arm or the jaw. SOB Pale Diaphoresis Chest pain produced by coronary artery disease, relieved by rest or nitroglycerine.: Angina pectporis What is a countercoup injury? Injury to tissue opposite of the site of impact. A concussion is what kind of injury? Coup or Countercoup Countercoup Glasgow coma scale assesses: Scale of 1-? eye response, best motor response, best verbal response Scale of 1-15 What is a hemothorax? blood in the pleural space What is a pneumothorax air in the pleural space Flail chest describes: multiple rib fractures (observe closely for shock and hemorrhage) What is cardiac tamponade? collection of fluid in pericardial sac Compromised patients= precautions. Protective What is wound dehiscence? suture opens and underlying tissues protrude. What are the 5 early signs of shock? 1) Pallor 2) Increased heart rate 3) Increased respirations 4) Restlessness or confusion 5) Decrease in blood pressure What are the 5 types of shock? 1) Hypovolemic 2) Septic 3) Neurogenic 4) Cardiogenic 5) Anaphylactic What position should the patient ideally be placed in when shock is suspected? Supine/Trendelenburg What is Syncope? Fainting due to hunger, low BP, anxiety, stress. A reaction to contrast usually occurs within the first minutes. 5 minutes What are the five symptoms of a mild contrast reaction? What is the treatment? 1) Warmth 2) Flushing 3) Metallic taste 4) Coughing 5) Nausea No treatment, symptoms will resolve. What is erythema? Redness caused by inflammation What is urticaria? hives What are the three main symptoms for 1) Erythema (redness) 2) Urticaria (hives) RADG 100 Chapter 16,17,18,19 What is a vasovagal reaction? reaction caused by fear and anxiety What are three vasovagal reactions due to contrast media? 1) Diaphoresis 2) Hypotension 3) Bradycardia What are the 8 major symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction to contrast media? 1) Warmth 2) Tingling 3) Itchy palms and soles 4) Dysphagia 5) Laryngeal and bronchial edema 6) Respiratory arrest 7) Cardiac arrest 8) Seizures Diabetes is the inability to glucose. Metabolize Insufficient insulin leads to the condition _ which is excess ketones in the blood stream. Ketoacidosis Hypoglycemia occurs from too much __________ and/or too little _. too much insulin/too little food. Which form of diabetes is acquired and relies on medication and modified diet? Diabetes mellitus Type 2 Which type of diabetes is insulin dependent? Diabetes mellitus, Type 1 This type of diabetes is caused by a kidney or pituitary disorder with the symptoms, vomiting, and convulsions? Diabetes Insipidus Which type of diabetes is related to obesity and is treated with hyperglycemic drugs? Mellitus type 2