Final Exam: NR546/ NR 546 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Psychopharmacology for the PMHNP Complete Review (Weeks 5-8) -Questions and Verified Answers -100% Correct-Grade A-Chamberlain

Final Exam: NR546/ NR 546 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Psychopharmacology for the PMHNP Complete Review (Weeks 5-8) -Questions and Verified Answers -100% Correct-Grade A-Chamberlain Q: neurobiological factors that contribute to mood and mood disorders: Genetics Answer: MDD and BD are heritable disorders -genetic factors 31-42% of the disease risk in MDD and 59-85% in BD -causes of mood disorders complex, likely involve interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including: • dysfunctions in brain • imbalance of neurotransmitters • life events • abuse or trauma • substance use or medication • menstruation • season changes Q: neurobiological factors that contribute to mood and mood disorders: Neuroanatomy Answer: Inefficient information processing by one or more brain circuits may result in mood disorder symptoms. -Recent research has tied depression to decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex controls attention, memory, mood, and personality. Q: neurobiological factors that contribute to mood and mood disorders: Neural Networks Answer: The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess -this hypothesis has limitations, Emphasis is now shifted from the monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation of gene expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes Q: neurobiological factors that contribute to mood and mood disorders: Neural Signaling Answer: Three principal neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin 5HT, have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. -Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are monoamines and work in concert and comprise the monoamine neurotransmitter system. -Many of the symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of monoamine neurotransmitters. -All known pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters. Q: MDD symptoms associated with malfunctioning brain circuit: Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Answer: Concentration Mental fatigue Mood Q: MDD symptoms associated with malfunctioning brain circuit: PFC & Amygdala Answer: Guilt suicidality worthlessness Q: MDD symptoms associated with malfunctioning brain circuit: Striatum Answer: Physical fatigue Q: MDD symptoms associated with malfunctioning brain circuit: Nucleus Accumbens Answer: Pleasure interests Q: MDD symptoms associated with malfunctioning brain circuit: Hypothalamus Answer: Sleep appetite Q: Mania symptoms associated with malfunctioning circuit: Thalamus & Hypothalamus Answer: Decreased sleep/arousal Q: Mania symptoms associated with malfunctioning circuit: Striatum Answer: Motor/agitation Q: Mania symptoms associated with malfunctioning circuit: Prefrontal cortex (PFC) Answer: Risk-taking Talkative/pressured speech Q: Mania symptoms associated with malfunctioning circuit: Nucleus Accumbens & PFC Answer: Racing thoughts grandiosity Q: Mania symptoms associated with malfunctioning circuit: PFC & Amygdala Answer: Mood Q: Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment: Answer: • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) • Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) • Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI) • Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs) Q: SSRI's Mechanism of action • inhibit 5-HT reuptake Adverse effects -diarrhea -headache -weight gain -sexual side effects Q: SNRI's