OSHA Final Exam Questions and Correct Answers|ERGONOMICS & PREVENTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS.

OSHA Final Exam Questions and Correct Answers|ERGONOMICS & PREVENTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS. What is ergonomics? The science of adjusting the design of tools, equipment, tasks, and environments for safe, comfortable, and effective human use. Define neutral position. the ideal positioning of the body while performing work activities and is associated with decreased risk of musculoskeletal injury. List the ideal neutral positions. -forearms and thighs parallel to floor. -weight evenly balanced. -hip angle of 90 degrees. -seat positioned low enough so that heels of feet are flat on floor. Describe neutral wrist position. -wrist straight. -forearm and hand in same horizontal plane. -palm open and relaxed. -thumb, middle, and index fingers held in a rounded shape. -light finger pressure against instrument handle. -ring finger advanced ahead of other fingers in the grasp. The ______ and ______ are the hygienists greatest tool. hand and wrist Describe neutral neck position. -head tilt of 0 to 15 degrees. -line from eyes to treatment area should be as near to vertical as possible. -AVOID tipping head too far forward or tilting to one side. Describe neutral back position. -leaning forward slightly from waist or hips. -trunk flexion of 0 to 20 degrees. -AVOID overflexion of the spine (curved back). Describe neutral shoulder position. -shoulders in horizontal line. -weight evenly balanced when seated. -AVOID lifting shoulders towards ears, hunching shoulders forward, or sitting with weight on one hip. Describe neutral upper arm position. -upper arms hang parallel to long axis of torso. -elbows at waist level, held slightly away from body. -AVOID greater than 20 degrees of elbow abduction away from body and holding elbows above waist level. Describe neutral forearm position. -parallel to floor. -raised or lowered by pivoting at elbow joint. -AVOID angle between forearm and upper arm of less than 60 degrees. Describe neutral hand position. -little finger side of palm slightly lower than thumb side of palm. -wrist aligned with forearm. -AVOID thumb side of palm rotated down so that palm is parallel to floor and do not bend hand or wrist up or down. What should you avoid with the wrist? -bending wrist and hand down toward palm (flexion). -bending wrist and hand up and back (extension). -bending wrist toward thumb (radial deviation). -bending wrist toward little finger (ulnar deviation). What is the most common positioning error? having patient too high Describe the proper positioning in relation to the patient. -sit alongside patient with arms against your sides and crossed at your waist. -the patients open mouth should be BELOW the point of your elbow. -with the patient in this position you can reach the mouth without placing stress on shoulders and arms. Define supine position. the position of the patient during dental treatment, with the patient lying on his or her back in a horizontal position and the chair back nearly parallel to the floor The patient's heels should be slightly __________ than the tip of the nose. higher The chair back should be ________ for maxillary treatment areas, and ___________ for mandibular treatment areas. parallel to floor for maxillary; raised slightly for mandibular The top of the patient's head should be even with what? the upper edge of headrest For mandibular areas, ask patient to open mouth and tilt head ___________. downward For maxillary areas, ask patient to open mouth and tilt chin ______. up How should the bracket table be positioned? slightly above patient's body so that you can easily see the instruments on the tray How should the dental light be positioned? at arms length Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMD) an injury affecting the musculoskeletal, peripheral nervous, and neurovascular systems What is Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMD) caused by? -prolonged repetitive, forceful, or awkward movements. -poor posture. -ill fitting chairs and equipment. -fast paced workload. What results from Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMD)? injury to the muscles, nerves, and tendon sheaths of the back, shoulders, neck, arms, elbows, wrists, and hands that can cause loss of strength, impairment of motor control, tingling, numbness, or pain repetitive task a task that involves the same fundamental movement for more than 50% of the work cycle Give an example of a repetitive task. periodontal instrumentation When are dental healthcare workers at a high risk for musculoskeletal injury? when repetitive motions are combined with forceful movements, awkward postures, and insufficient recovery time. Over _________ percent of dental hygienists complain of pain in the upper body and back. 80% What is the most common Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMD) with dental hygienists? Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome a painful disorder of the wrist and hand caused by compression of the MEDIAN nerve within the carpal tunnel of the wrist What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? -poor posture. -repeatedly bending the hand up, down, or from side-to-side at the wrist. -pinchgripping an instrument without resting the muscles. List the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. -numbness. -pain. -tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers. -weakness of grasp. -poor dexterity. -dropping instruments. What 2 tests are used to check for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Phalen's Test and Tinel's Sign List the treatment options for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. -modifying how the hands are used. -wrist immobilization splint to maintain the hand and wrist in neutral position. -NSAIDS. -surgery. How can Carpal Tunnel Syndrome be prevented? -limit use of digital motion; use wrist motion activation by rotating hand and wrist as a unit. -maintain sharp instruments. -take periodic breaks to flex hands and fingers. -wear properly fitting gloves. -use instruments that are lightweight and have wider handles. -use a light grasp. Ulnar Nerve Entrapment a painful disorder of the lower arm and wrist cause by compression of the ULNAR nerve of the arm as it passes through the wrist What causes Ulnar Nerve Entrapment? -bending the hand up, down or from side to side at the wrist. -holding the little finger a full span away from the hand. List the symptoms of Ulnar Nerve Entrapment. numbness, tingling, and/or loss of strength in the lower arm or wrist Pronator Syndrome a painful disorder of the wrist and hand caused by compression of the MEDIAN nerve betweeen the two heads of the pronator teres muscle. What causes Pronator Syndrome? holding the lower arm away from the body List the symptoms of Pronator Syndrome. Similar to those of carpal tu