NUR 242 EXAM 3 LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ALREADY GRADED A+ GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING.

https://www.stuvia.com/ NUR 242 EXAM 3 LATEST ACTU AL EXAM 180 QUE STIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ALR EADY GRADED A+ GAL EN COL LEGE OF NURSING What is ventilation? - ANSWER>>the movement of air into and out of the lungs What is perfusio n? - ANSWER>>the circulation of blood through the lungs What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>increased H+ in the brain ECF; incre ased PaCO2; "hypercarbic drive" What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>decreased pH; incre ased PaCO2; decreased PaO2; "hypoxic drive" What are elastic forces? - ANSWER>>lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin What are surface forces? - ANSWER>>surface tension due to water-air interface What is airway resist ance? - ANSWER>>oppo sition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily determined by airway radius What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER>>ease with which the lungs can be inflated What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER>>neonates and children; emphysema What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER>>elderly; pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis What is surfactant? - ANSWER>>complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance; stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry What produces surfactant? - ANSWER>>produced by the Type II alveolar cells What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER>>velocity = driving force/resistance https://www.stuvia.com/ What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER>>resist ance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4) What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER>>the resist ance goes up How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER>>the top of the lungs are more distended and less compliant whereas the lower l ung is small and highly compliant What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER>>lung capacitance; low resist ance system; flow influenced by gravity; resist ance primarily determined by vessel radius What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>vasoconstriction of pulmonary vess els What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>pulmonary hypertension What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER>>capillary permeability; surface area available for diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas; distance for diffusion What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER>>acidemia; hyperthermia; hypercarbia What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER>>alkalemia; hypothermia; hypocarbia What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER>>deficient blood oxygen; low PaO2; low O2 saturation What is hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin https://www.stuvia.com/ What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by incre ased toxic substance What is isch emia? - ANSWER>>greatly re duced or interrupted flow through the arterial system, producing significant tissue hypoxia What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>incre ased level of CO2 in the blood What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER>>dyspnea; restles sness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>respiratory acidosis (d ecreased pH from i ncrease in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death What is dyspnea? - ANSWER>>subjective feeling of being SOB What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER>>decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological and social consequences What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER>>lung cancer What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER>>cigarette smoking; asbestos; familial predisposition What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER>>cough, hemoptysis (bl ood in cough sputum); hoarseness; chest pain; often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER>>squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%); adenocarcinoma (20-40%); small cell carcinoma (20-25%); large cell carcinoma (10-15%) What is acute airway obstructi on caused by? - ANSWER>>foreign body aspiration; laryn gospasm (sp ontaneous spasm of the vocal cords); trauma