Summary NBME Rapid Self-Assessments Test Questions and Answers for the Final Exam Review

acute kidney injury acute reduction in GFR -GFR represents the sum of the filtration rate -therefore, GFR reflects functioning renal mass RFs -HTN, CKD, dehydration complications -hyperkalemia -metabolic acidosis -CKD AKI -- prerenal decreased renal perfusion hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, diuretic use osmolality > 500 FeNa+ < 1% Na+ < 20 BUN/Cr > 20:1 AKI -- intrarenal acute tubular necrosis -ischemia and toxic causes osmolality < 350 FeNa+ > 2% Na+ > 40 BUN/Cr < 15:1 AKI -- postrenal urinary flow obstruction benign prostatic hyperplasia, nephrolithiasis osmolality < 350 FeNa+ < 1% in mild, > 2% in severe Na+ > 40 BUN/Cr variable radial nerve innervates the extensors of the arm, wrist, and fingers radial groove midshaft fracture of the humerus fracture of the surgical neck of humerus axillary nerve fracture of the medial epicondyle ulnar nerve acanthosis nigricans velvety hyperpigmentation of skin -hyperplasia of stratum spinosum of epidermis cutaneous marker of high insulin -elevated glucose, elevated insulin associated conditions: -obesity, diabetes, MEN2B, gastric cancer majority of adult primary tumors are: supratentorial majority of childhood primary tumors are: infratentorial glioblastoma multiforme + GFAP "pseudopalisading" pleomorphic tumor cells -border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage can cross corpus callosum -- butterfly glioma meningioma arises from arachnoid cells covering brain spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern -psammoma bodies -- laminated calcifications more common in women due to estrogen receptors on tumor cells schwannoma often localized to CN VII -- acoustic schwannoma -usually found at cerebrellopontine angle -can present with tinnitus, hearing loss S-100 + biphasic with hypercellular (antoni A) and hypocellular (Antoni B) areas NOTE: Bilateral schwannoma found in NF type 2. oligodendroglioma most often in frontal lobes chicken-wire capillary pattern with "fried egg" cells -round nuceli with clear cytoplas