NBME CBSE: PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCES PT. 1 SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED

1. What is a case series? - ***Description of clinical findings/symptoms for several patients with the same diagnosis, treatment, or outcome. 2. What is a cross-sectional study? - ***Assesses the frequency of disease and risk-related factors in the present. 3. What is a case-control study? - ***Retrospectively compares a group of people with a disease to a group without the disease to determine if odds of prior exposure/risk factor differ. 4. What is a cohort study? - ***Compares a group of people with a given exposure/risk factor to a group without exposure to determine if the exposure/risk factor is associated with later development of disease. 5. What is a twin concordance study? - ***Compares the frequency with which both monozygotic twins vs both dizygotic twins develop the same disease to measure heritability and influence of environmental factors. 6. What is an adoption study? - ***Compares behavioral traits/genetics in siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents to measure heritability and influence of environmental factors. 7. What is an ecological study? - ***Compares the frequency of disease and risk-related factors across populations to measure population data (not applicable to individuals). 8. What is a clinic therapeutic trial? - ***An experimental study involving humans that compares the benefits of two or more interventions. 9. What are the criteria for a high-quality clinical trial? - ***Randomized, controlled, and doubleblinded 10. What is a crossover clinical trial? - ***Compares the effect of multiple treatments on a subject 11. What is the purpose of randomizing the order of treatments in a crossover trial? - ***To avoid bias 12. What is a washout period in a crossover trial? - ***A period between treatments to eliminate any lingering effects 13. What is the advantage of using a crossover trial? - ***Subjects serve as their own controls 14. What is the intention-to-treat analysis? - ***Analyzing all subjects according to their original assigned treatment 15. What is the purpose of intention-to-treat analysis? - ***To avoid bias from attrition, crossover, and noncompliance 16. What is the disadvantage of intention-to-treat analysis? - ***May dilute the true effects of the intervention 17. What is the as-treated analysis? - ***Analyzing subjects according to the treatment they actually received 18. What is the disadvantage of as-treated analysis? - ***Increases the risk of bias 19. What is the per-protocol analysis? - ***Excluding subjects who did not complete the originally assigned treatment 20. What is the disadvantage of per-protocol analysis? - ***Increases the risk of bias 21. What are the five phases of clinical trials? - ***Preclinical, Ph