Med Surg Exam 2 Hemotology/Immunology Exam Questions And Answers 100% Verified

Med Surg Exam 2 Hemotology/Immunology Exam Questions And Answers 100% Verified hematology - answerstudy of blood, blood-forming organs, blood-related disorders bone marrow - answerhematopoiesis: blood cell production produce non-differentiated immature blood cells (stem cells) - produced in bone marrow and then differentiates into different types of cells (RBC, PLATELET, WBC). if immature blood cells in blood, not in MARROW = problem -blasts CBC w/differential - includes WBCs also blood - answerconnective tissue total amount 5 L (average adult) three primary functions of blood - answertransportation: transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste products throughout the body system Regulation: fluid, electrolytes, acid-base balance protection: combat infection and stop bleeding plasma 55% - answerstraw- colored liquid component mostly water contains dissolved proteins - glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide red blood cells (RBCs) erythrocytes: 45% - answerflexible cell, thin membrane Male: 4.3-5.7 million/microliter female: 3.8-5.1 million/microliter lifestpan: about 120 days needs essential nutrietns to make RBCs: protein, iron, folic acid, cobalamin (B12), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), thyroid hormone made of hemoglobin molecules to carry oxygen to the body white blood cells: leukocytes - answer/microliter part of the body's immune system help fight infections and diseases platelets: thrombocytes - answerinitiate blood coagulation process in response to injury play roler in the process of clot shrinking and retraction 150,000-400,000/microliter lifespan 5-9 days four components of hemostasis - answerlar response: immediate local vasoconstriction of injured blood vessel (lasts 20-30min. 2. platelet plug formation & aggregation from reaction of the plasma clotting factor 3. form fibrin clots on the platelet plug 4. lysis of clot: fibrinolysis & anticoagulation mechanisms keep the blood to its fluid state spleen - answerlocated upper left quadrant functions:: hematopoietic: RBC production during fetal development. Filtration: old & defected RBCs by mononuclear phagocyte system. Bacteria (gram-positive cocci) Immunologic: supply lymphocytes, monocytes, stored immunoglobulins Storage: stored RBCs & platelets (30%) injured spleen = heavy duty hemorrhage lymph system - answerconsists of lymph fluid, lymphatic capillaries, ducts, lymph nodes. lymph fluid: pale yellow, interstitial fluid - too much lymph fluid leads to lymphedema functions:: removal of interstitial fluid from tissue, absorbs and transports fatty acids, transport immune cells to and from lymph nodes liver - answerfilter produces pro-coagulants essential for homeostasis & blood coagulation stores excess iron produces hepcidigin to regulate iron balance aging & hematologic system - answerdec number of stem cells dec ability to compensate with illness dec Hb levels due to iron deficiency Inc fragility of RBCs dec bone marrow reserve of granulocytes: minimal increase of WBCs with infection assessment of hematologic system: subjective data - answerpast health history, medications, surgeries or other treatments, nutrition, elimination, activity, sleep, cognition, role, sexuality, coping, values functional health patterns (Table 30-6) assessment of hematologic system: objective data - answerpetechiae: small, purple-red pinpoint regions, ecchymoses: brusising, lymph nodes, spleen and liver should NOT be palpable spider nevus, skin lesions or nodes assessment of hematologic system: diagnostic studies - answerHemoglobin - gas carrying capacity (female 11-16) (Male 13-17) hematocrit- packed RBC volume - 35%-50% of total vlood volume RBC morphology - shape & size of RBCs - no variation WBC number of leukocytes 4,000-11,000 microliter platelet - number of platelets - 150,000-400,000 microliter Iron metabolism, CT scan or MRI to eval spleen, liver, lymph nodes bone marrow aspiration & biopsy - answeroutpt procedure, lies on back or side, gets local anesthetic agents, feels pressure, a few seconds of sharp pain during aspiration, local anesthesia <1hr procedure not the same thing as bone marrow harvesting - bone marrow transpant - general anesthesia, surgery 7-8 hr post-procedural care of bone marrow aspiration pt - answerpressure dressing on site, monitor VS, monitor for bleeding, lie on aspirated site for 30-60min for maintaining pressure on site. allow doing light activity. tylenol PRN RBC function - answertransport oxygen (O2) from lungs to systemic tissues, carry carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. each RBC contains several hundred thousand hemoglobin molecules which transport oxygen, oxygen binds to heme on the hemoglobin molecule. (PULSE OX) oxygen comes from lungs, attaches to hemoglobin molecules, then released in the tissue cells risk factors of anemia - answerdec. RBC production:: deficient nutrients (iron, folic acid, cobalbumin), decreased erythopoeitin, decreased iron availability. Blood loss:: chronic hemorrhage, bleeding duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, liver disease, acute trauma, ruptured aortic aneurysm, GI bleeding inc RBC destruction:: hemolysis, sickle cell disease, medication, incompatible blood, trauma (cardiopulmonary bypass) clinical manifestations of anemia - answerpresented by the bodys response to tissue hypoxia. Hb levels determine severity of anemia: symptoms: yellowing eyes. paleness, coldness, yellowing skin. SOB. muscular weakness. changes in stool color. fatigue, dizziness, fainting. low BP, paliptations, rapid heart rate, chest pain, angina, heart attack. splenomegaly. medical/nursing managements of anemia - answerdietary and lifestyle changes, blood or blood product transfusions, drug therapy, oxygen therapy. patient teaching: nutrition intake, compliance with drug therapy. iron deficiency anemia def - answerone of the most common form of anemia iron: synthesizing hemoglobin & RBCs lack of iron: make fewer RBCs or small RBC size iron deficiency anemia: low volume of stored iron iron deficiency anemia - answertransferrin (transports iron) w/o transferrin, iron cannot be out in circulatory system. ferritin (stores iron in liver & heart) iron should not be excreted (not found in stool/urine) risk factors of iron deficiency anemia - answerinadequate dietary intake: older adults, socioeconomic status malabsorption: GI surgery blood loss: major cause in adult - 2ml of blood = 1mg iron loss. (most common is female mestural cycle). premenopausal women. persons with hemorrhage. chronic renal failure (dialysis.) clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia - answergeneral manifestations of anemia lack of iron in tissues pallor: most common symptom