NURS 611 / NURS611 Exam 4 (Latest 2024 / 2025): Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz Bank | Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales | 100% Correct | Grade A - Maryville

Exam 4: NURS611 / NURS 611 (Latest 2024 / 2025) Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz Bank | Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales | 100% Correct | Grade A - Maryville Q: Which are clinical manifestations of male breast cancer? (Select all that apply.) a. Ulceration present on the breast b. Retraction of breast tissue c. Nipple discharge d. Palpable mass midline of the nipple e. Unilateral solid mass Answer: A, B, C, E The malignant male breast lesion is usually a unilateral solid mass located near the nipple. Because the nipple is commonly involved, crusting and nipple discharge are typical clinical manifestations. Other findings include skin retraction, ulceration of the skin over the tumor, and axillary node involvement. Q: Which statements are true regarding urethritis? (Select all that apply.) a. A purulent drainage may be present. b. A clear mucus-like discharge may be present. c. Symptoms include urethral tingling and itching or burning on urination. d. A 24-hour urine test is required to diagnose the disorder. e. Treatment includes appropriate antibiotic therapy. Answer: A, B, C, E Symptoms of urethritis include urethral tingling and itching or a burning sensation on urination (dysuria), frequency, and urgency. The individual may note a purulent or clear mucus-like discharge from the urethra. Nucleic acid detection amplification tests allow easy detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in first-void urine. Treatment consists of appropriate antibiotic therapy for infectious urethritis and an avoidance of future chemical or mechanical irritation. Q: Which statements are true regarding prostate cancer? (Select all that apply.) a. It ranks second to lung cancer as being most common among American men. b. A familial history of prostate cancer is a risk factor. c. Dietary habits seem to play a role in its development. d. African-American men have an increased risk for its development. e. Being over 65 years of age increases the risk for developing prostate cancer. Answer: B, C, D, E Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer in American men, and the incidence varies greatly worldwide. Possible causes include a genetic predisposition, environmental and dietary factors, inflammation, and alterations in levels of hormones (e.g., testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol) and growth factors. Incidence is greatest among northwestern European and North American men (particularly African Americans) older than 65 years of age. Q: What unique factor causes adolescent girls to have a high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? a. They are in an experimental phase with sexual intercourse and believe they are resistant to developing STIs. b. The adolescent cervix is immature and lacks immunity. c. The length of the vaginal canal is short in adolescents, allowing a greater concentration of microorganisms within the internal genitalia. d. In adolescent girls, the anus to the vaginal introitus are in close proximity. Answer: B Partly, perhaps, because of risk-taking behavior (unprotected intercourse or selection of high-risk partners), many adolescents have an increased risk for STI exposure and infection. The unique factor for adolescent women is that they have a physiologically increased susceptibility to infection because of increased cervical immaturity and lack of immunity. The remaining options are not considered legitimate risk factors for STIs. Q: How is gonorrhea transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus? a. Unbound in the blood via the placenta b. Attached to immunoglobulin G (IgG) via the placenta c. Across amniotic membranes by the direct inoculation with the fetal scalp electrodes during labor monitoring d. Predominately through infected cervical and secretions during the birth process Answer: D A pregnant woman can transmit gonorrhea to her fetus during the birth process. The infection passes from mother to child predominately through infected cervical and vaginal secretions. The transmission is not associated with the other options. Q: Which statement is false about the factors that facilitate the ascent of gonococci into the uterus and fallopian tubes? a. Ascent of gonococci is facilitated because the cervical plug disintegrates during menstruation. b. Ascent of gonococci is facilitated because the vaginal pH decreases to 2 or 3. c. Ascent of gonococci is facilitated because the uterine contractions may cause retrograde menstruation into the fallopian tubes. d. Ascent of gonococci is facilitated because the bacteria may adhere to sperm and be transported to the fallopian tubes. Answer: B Several factors can facilitate the ascent of gonococci into the uterus and the fallopian tubes, where they cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Among these factors are (1) disintegration of the cervical mucous plug and (2) a rise in vaginal pH greater than 4.5 during menstruation. The other options are accurate statements. Q: In women, what is the usual site of original gonococcal infection? a. Endocervical canal c. Fallopian tube b. Vagina d. Labia majora Answer: A In women, the endocervical canal (inner portion of the cervix) is the usual site of original gonococcal infection, although urethral colonization and infection of Skene or Bartholin glands also are common. The other options are not usually associated with gonococcal infections. Q: What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men? a. Epididymis c. Urethra b. Lymph nodes d. Prostate Answer: C Uncomplicated local infections are observed primarily as urethral infections in men. Q: What local complication of a gonococcal infection is diagnosed in approximately 10% of affected women? a. Acute salpingitis c. Vaginitis b. Cystitis d. Cervicitis Answer: A Acute salpingitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), is the most common local complication in women. Approximately 10% of women with untreated cervical gonorrhea develop PID. Q: Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? a. Ligase chain reaction (LCR) c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) b. Gram-stain technique d. DNA testing Answer: B Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical