NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm
Asthma - ANSChronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANScoughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANS-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and
smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSsmaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSinnermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSthe middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSembedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSwhite blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSthe WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANScolumnar epithelial ells and
mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSsmooth muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANScontrol the airways ability to constrict
and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWhen air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSthe ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces
mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANS-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of
CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANStiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSThese drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSthe parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - ANSinflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSbronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - ANSThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANScyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSthere is hypoxia due to unfavorable
conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSwhen blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to
the left ventricle without perfusion
Midterm
Asthma - ANSChronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANScoughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANS-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and
smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSsmaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSinnermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSthe middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - ANSembedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSwhite blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - ANSthe WBCs protective
feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANScolumnar epithelial ells and
mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSsmooth muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANScontrol the airways ability to constrict
and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWhen air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSthe ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces
mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANS-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of
CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANStiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSThese drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSthe parasympathetic system is stimulated by the
vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - ANSinflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSbronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - ANSThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANScyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSthere is hypoxia due to unfavorable
conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - ANSwhen blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to
the left ventricle without perfusion
