advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final
exam
Fat Soluble Hormones - ANSSteroids
Water Soluble Hormones - ANSNeed 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid
membranes
Pituitary Hormones - ANSTSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - ANSAcct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars
distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior
Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - ANSArises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three
parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube).
Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from
ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. - ANSIncludes 10
hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - ANScontains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - ANSADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - ANSMajor homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of
plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) - ANSHORMONES:
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - ANSInhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
,Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - ANSStimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - ANSInhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - ANSStimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - ANSACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating
Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSSECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - ANSMilk production
TSH - ANSIncreased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ANSOvulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - ANSFollicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women:
Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - ANSFat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - ANSAnalgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic,
Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - ANSHomeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2)
receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited
by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - ANS
High levels of ADH - ANSActs on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - ANSosmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by
increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from
the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect
affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma
(7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
, ADH secretion decreased with: - ANSDecrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular
volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol
ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - ANSIncrease BP and to achieve hemostasis during
volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - ANSResponsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may
effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes
the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - ANSACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - ANSChromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - ANS
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - ANSfeedback from hypothalamic
releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones (cortisol,
estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - ANShypothalamus, Growth
Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits GH.
GH is released by the? - ANSGH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion, and overall
secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - ANSGrowth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status, stress, and
reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - ANSpartially by insulin-like growth factors (IGF's)
or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - ANSIGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically active. IGF-2
causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - ANSLocated in the brain and composed of photoreceptive cells that secrete
melatonin.
exam
Fat Soluble Hormones - ANSSteroids
Water Soluble Hormones - ANSNeed 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid
membranes
Pituitary Hormones - ANSTSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - ANSAcct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars
distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior
Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - ANSArises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three
parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube).
Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from
ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. - ANSIncludes 10
hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - ANScontains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - ANSADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - ANSMajor homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of
plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) - ANSHORMONES:
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - ANSInhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
,Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - ANSStimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - ANSInhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - ANSStimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - ANSACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating
Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSSECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - ANSMilk production
TSH - ANSIncreased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ANSOvulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - ANSFollicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women:
Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - ANSFat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - ANSAnalgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic,
Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - ANSHomeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2)
receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited
by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - ANS
High levels of ADH - ANSActs on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - ANSosmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by
increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from
the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect
affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma
(7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
, ADH secretion decreased with: - ANSDecrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular
volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol
ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - ANSIncrease BP and to achieve hemostasis during
volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - ANSResponsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may
effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes
the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - ANSACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - ANSChromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - ANS
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - ANSfeedback from hypothalamic
releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones (cortisol,
estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - ANShypothalamus, Growth
Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits GH.
GH is released by the? - ANSGH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion, and overall
secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - ANSGrowth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status, stress, and
reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - ANSpartially by insulin-like growth factors (IGF's)
or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - ANSIGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically active. IGF-2
causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - ANSLocated in the brain and composed of photoreceptive cells that secrete
melatonin.
