Final Exam: NSG122/ NSG 122 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Nursing Fundamental Concepts Exam | Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| All Units Covered| 100% Correct| Grade A- Herzing

Final Exam: NSG122/ NSG 122 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Nursing Fundamental Concepts Exam | Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| All Units Covered| 100% Correct| Grade A- Herzing Q: normal pH range 7.35 - 7.45 Q: pH below 7.35 indicates Answer: acidosis Q: pH above 7.45 indicates Answer: alkalosis Q: normal PaCO2 range Answer: 45-35 Q: normal HCO3 range Answer: 22-26 Q: buffer systems in the body*** Answer: - chemical buffers (NaHCO3) - works within seconds - respiratory - regulates CO2 - works within minutes - metabolic - regulates HCO3 - may take days to regulate Q: How does the respiratory system regulate pH? Answer: - when CO2 is exhaled by the lungs, the amount of carbonic acid in the blood decreases, thus the pH of the blood increases - hyperventilation: rapid, excessive breathing; causes alkalization of the blood (respiratory alkalosis) - hypoventilation: decreased respiration; causes blood to be more acidic (respiratory acidosis) Q: How do the kidneys regulate pH? Answer: - excreting or reabsorbing H+ and HCO3 - if pH is acidotic, excrete H+ and keep HCO3 - if pH is alkalotic, excrete HCO3 and keep H+ Q: Risk factors for ABG imbalance Answer: - burns - trauma - surgery - abnormal loss of body fluids - acute/chronic illness Q: respiratory acidosis Answer: - drop in blood pH caused by hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of CO2 - low pH, high PaCO2 - suddenly increased heart rate, respirations, and BP - shallow breaths - disorientation - Compensation: lungs hyperventilate, kidneys eliminate acid Q: respiratory alkalosis Answer: - increase in blood pH caused by hyperventilation and a resulting decrease in CO2 - high pH, low PaCO2 - light headedness - hypokalemia - seizures - tingling in the extremities - Compensation: breathing into paper bag, kidneys retain more H+ ions and reabsorb less HCO3 Q: metabolic acidosis symptoms Answer: - increased respiratory rate and depth - headache - confusion - drowsiness - commonly caused by kidney injury - hyperkalemia (MONITOR K+ LEVELS) Q: metabolic alkalosis symptoms Answer: - respiratory depression - tachycardia - symptoms of hypokalemia - commonly caused by vomiting or gastric suction Q: ABG Example #1 pH 7.36 PaCO2 48 HCO3 28 Answer: respiratory acidosis Q: ABG example #2 pH 7.48 PaCO2 46 HCO3 30 Answer: metabolic alkalosis Q: ABG example #3 pH 7.44 PaCO2 32 HCO3 20 Answer: respiratory alkalosis