1. What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
a. Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss
b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin
c. Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia
d. Constipation, decreased heart rate, and lethargy -
answer>>The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in
decreased energy metabolism, resulting in constipation,
bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining
options.
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate
thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH
are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback
,b. Neural regulation
c. Negative feedback
d. Physiologic regulation - answer>>Negative feedback.
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of
the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because
the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a
stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release
of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior
pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine
(T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
1. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c. Inside the mitochondria
d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane -
answer>>Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-
soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma
,membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to
bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
1. The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
travel to the anterior pituitary via the:
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Hypophyseal stalk
c. Infundibular stem
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. - answer>>Releasing and
inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and
are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which they
travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
1. Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
, d. Copper - answer>>Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and
stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by
activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine
necessary for the synthesis of TH.
1. What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other
electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium
Decreases serum calcium. - answer>>Hyperphosphatemia leads
to hypocalcemia. Remember that phos and calcium are
inversely related.
1. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
a. Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss
b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin
c. Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia
d. Constipation, decreased heart rate, and lethargy -
answer>>The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in
decreased energy metabolism, resulting in constipation,
bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining
options.
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate
thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH
are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback
,b. Neural regulation
c. Negative feedback
d. Physiologic regulation - answer>>Negative feedback.
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of
the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because
the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a
stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release
of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior
pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine
(T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
1. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c. Inside the mitochondria
d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane -
answer>>Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-
soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma
,membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to
bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
1. The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
travel to the anterior pituitary via the:
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Hypophyseal stalk
c. Infundibular stem
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. - answer>>Releasing and
inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and
are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which they
travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
1. Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
a. Iron
b. Iodide
c. Zinc
, d. Copper - answer>>Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and
stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by
activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine
necessary for the synthesis of TH.
1. What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other
electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium
Decreases serum calcium. - answer>>Hyperphosphatemia leads
to hypocalcemia. Remember that phos and calcium are
inversely related.
1. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
