APC3701 EXAM PACK 2023

APC3701 EXAM PACK 2023 LATEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Page 1 INTRODUCTION3 2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES 3 2.1 Purpose 3 2.2 Outcomes 4 3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 43.1 Lecturer 4 3.2 Department 5 3.3 University 5 4 RESOURCES 6 4.1 Prescribed books 7 4.2 Recommended books 7 4.3 Electronic reserves (e-reserves) 8 4.4 Library services and resources information 9 5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES 10 6 STUDY PLAN 11 7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING 11 8 ASSESSMENT 11 8.1 Assessment criteria 11 8.2 Assessment plan 12 8.3 Assignment numbers 12 8.3.1 General assignment numbers 12 8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers 12 8.4 Assignment due dates 12 8.5 Submission of assignments 12 8.6 .The assignments 13 8.7 Other assessment methods 21 8.8 The examination 21 9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 22 10 SOURCES CONSULTED 22 11 IN CLOSING 22 12 ADDENDUM 22 Dear Student1 INTRODUCTION We would like to welcome you as a student of the Department of Political Sciences and trust that you will find this module interesting and stimulating. We hope that you will be successful in your academic endeavours and that you will continue your studies in this Department by selecting other modules that we offer. READ this tutorial letter as well as your copy of the study@Unisa brochure for information concerning your studies. The Department offers modules on a semesterised basis. This implies that there are two periods of tuition, as well as two sets of examinations during each calendar year. The first period runs approximately from February to May and the second period from July to October. The examinations follow each period of study. Please note that aegrotat and supplementary examinations will coincide with the examinations of the following semester. THE STUDY MATERIAL FOR THIS MODULE CONSISTS OF: • This tutorial letter, • e-Reserves that must be downloaded from the Unisa Library website (see STEP 3 on pages 6 to 7 of this tutorial letter) • A study guide which can be downloaded from the APC3701 myUnisa page (see STEP 1 on page 6 of this tutorial letter), and • A prescribed reader that will be delivered to you (see STEP 2 on page 6 of this tutorial letter). 2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES 2.1 Purpose This module, which deals with the Politics of Southern Africa, consists of two options. Students must choose either Option 1 (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) or Option 2 (Angola, Mozambique and Namibia).ONLY CHOOSE OPTION 1 OR OPTION 2. DO NOT CHOOSE BOTH OPTIONS. ONCE CHOSEN, YOU HAVE TO REMAIN WITH YOUR CHOICE OF OPTION FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE MODULE. THIS MEANS YOU WILL DO TWO ASSIGNMENTS AND WRITE AN EXAM IN LINE WITH THE OPTION CHOSEN. Option 1: Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana The three countries that are the focus of Option 1 are former colonies of Britain. These countries have experienced different fortunes as independent states. Botswana which started off as a poor country is currently stable and prosperous. It retained a democratic political system as well as a capitalist economy. Led by Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia adopted the one-party political system and African socialism (humanism) a few years after independence. Internal and external factors led to serious political problems which were eventually responsible for the removal of Kaunda’s regime in 1990. Zimbabwe’s independence was welcomed and a bright future was predicted for the country. Zimbabwe started its new life as an independent state well and made a good impression to political observers. However, in the second decade the country experienced serious socio-economic and political problems which have paralysed the country up until the current period. Option 2: Angola, Mozambique and Namibia The purpose of this option is to provide you with an introduction to the politics of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Both Mozambique and Angola achieved their independence from Portugal after armed struggles, only to be plunged into civil wars thereafter. Angola in particular is noted for the role that natural resources such as oil and diamonds helped to fuel the civil war. Both have faced the challenge of post-conflict political and economic reconstruction and reform as well as the challenge of democratic consolidation. First colonised by Germany, the territory now known as Namibia was entrusted to the temporary guardianship of South Africa by the League of Nations. It subsequently became a territory ruled by South Africa without an international mandate. After an armed struggle and a peace process facilitated by the United Nations (UN), Namibia gained independence in 1990. Although it has not been embroiled in civil war, it has faced challenges to democratic consolidation similar to those faced by its Southern African neighbours. 2.2 Outcomes Option 1: Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana If you have chosen Option 1, at the end of this you should be able to: • explain the ways in which selected states gained independence;• analyse states’ political and economic systems; • discuss states' problems and successes; • evaluate democratic processes in selected states; and • analyse efforts to solve Zimbabwe’s problems. Option 2: Angola, Mozambique and Namibia If you have chosen Option 2, at the end of this you should be able to: • describe some of the main ideological debates and controversies in each state; • assess the prospects for the consolidation of democracy in each state; • describe the political constraints on economic development in each state; • describe the trends in electoral performance in each state. 3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 3.1 Lecturer Ms Alida Kok E-mail: Tel: +27 (0) (I am not always available to answer my office phone. If you can’t get hold of me on my phone number, please send an e-mail or post a comment or send a message on the Facebook group. I share the details of the Facebook group below.) Office: Muckleneuk Campus, Theo van Wijk Building, room 7-17 Facebook group: students of Alida Kok.) The purpose of the Facebook group is not to replace myUnisa, but to make discussion between you and me, and you and your fellow students a bit easier. Important information will be announced on myUnisa and on the Facebook group. Check announcements for APC3701 on myUnisa regularly. Check your Unisa student e-mail inbox regularly. Please join the Facebook group (if you can). Consultation hours: Mondays to Fridays from 09:30 – 14:45.Please arrange beforehand if you would like to meet with me, or have a telephonic meeting. I can also be available between 14:45 and 17:00 for a meeting. 3.2 Department For general information, please contact: Mr Funny Tabane Tel: +27 (0) Email: Mr Solly Mudau Tel: +27 (0) Email: 3.3 University You will find general Unisa contact details in thestudy@Unisa brochure. Students are reminded to use their student number when contacting the university. GENERAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT DETAILS IMPORTANT Please study your copy of the study@Unisa brochure for information pertaining to your studies at Unisa and all services provided to students. Please note that only problems of an academic nature, such as the content of modules, should be addressed to lecturers. COMMUNICATING WITH UNISA Remember: always provide your student number and the relevant module codes. • Unisa website ( & ) All study-related information is available on the Unisa website in both web and mobi formats.• myUnisa ( their own information via the myUnisa website or mobi site. • E-mail () Students may send an e-mail to for information on how to contact Unisa via e-mail. • SMS (32695 – only for students in South Africa) Students may send an SMS to 32695 for more information on how to contact Unisa via SMS. The sender will receive an auto response SMS with the various SMS options. The cost to the student per SMS is R1,00. • Fax (+27 (0)) Students will be able to fax their enquiries to +27 (0), whereafter it will be distributed to and processed by the relevant department. BY LETTER: Address all correspondence to: The Registrar (Academic), P O Box 392, UNISA, 0003. PLEASE NOTE: Do not direct enquiries to different departments (e.g. this Department, Despatch and Library Services) in the same letter. This will delay a reply to your enquiries. Write a separate letter to each department and mark each letter clearly for the attention of that relevant department. Separate letters may be posted in the same envelope. Letters to lecturers may not be enclosed with assignments. PERSONAL VISITS: Students wishing to see a lecturer should make an appointment. Remember that when you visit the campus, irrespective of whether you visit a lecturer, the library or another department, you must have your student card with you. SPECIFIC ENQUIRIES PROBLEMS WITH PRESCRIBED BOOKS: / +27 (0) PROBLEMS WITH MYUNISA: ASSIGNMENT RESULTS: visit CHANGE OF EXAM VENUE: / Fax: +27 (0)12 429 4150 / REQUESTS FOR SPECIAL AND AEGROTAT EXAMINATIONS: / Fax: + 27 (0) / +27 (0). Include all relevant documentation pertaining to your request. ENQUIRIES ON THE CONTENT OF MODULES IN POLITICAL SCIENCES: +27 (0) / 8560 / 6626 STUDENT FUNDING: +27 (0) / +27 (0)LIBRARY: +27 (0) or consult your copy of study@Unisa SPECIALNEEDS (DISABILITY) ACADEMIC SUPPORT: / 4 RESOURCES The study material for this module might seem like a lot of information to take in and make sense of. That is why it is very important that you follow the steps below when working through the resources allocated to this module. It is not necessary to study all the study material in this module in depth. The prescribed reader and the study guide provide you with foundational and general knowledge, while you should focus on critically reading and studying the e-Reserves (articles that must be downloaded from the Library website) in preparation for the writing of assignments and the writing of the exam. Therefore, please follow the steps below. STEP 1 Study the contents (of the option that you have chosen) of the study guide. The study guide provides you with the structure or “the story” of the politics of Southern Africa and you need to make sure that you know and have memorised “the story”. DO NOT USE THE STUDY GUIDE AS THE ONLY SOURCE WHEN WRITING ASSIGNMENTS, AND DO NOT ONLY STUDY THE CONTENTS OF THE STUDY GUIDE IN PREPARATION FOR THE EXAM. STEP 2 Critically read the content of the prescribed reader. Only read the content that is applicable to the option that you have chosen (Option 1: Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, or Option 2: Angola, Mozambique and Namibia). Remember: to read with insight – make a point to understand and remember what you’re reading, and to not just read for the sake of reading. Make reading – and the reading of the reader for this module – a part of your daily routine. STEP 3 (THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP): E-RESERVES (ARTICLES AVAILABLE ON THE LIBRARY WEBSITE) FOCUS on critically reading and studying the contents of the e-Reserves, which are specific downloadable articles on the Unisa Library website. (You will see that some of these articles arelisted as e-Reserves on the Library website, but are also in the reader. This is a current overlap in the module content that will be addressed in the next year.) The assessment of your assignments and exam answers will mainly be based on your knowledge and understanding of, and critical thinking with regards to these articles. You will be better able to know, understand and critically think about these articles when you have gained foundational and general knowledge by means of studying the contents of the study guide (in STEP 1) and have critically read the content of the prescribed reader (in STEP 2). How to get the e-Reserves Log onto the Library website and go to the “Search the Library” box. Click on “Find e-reserves & Recommended books”. You will be taken to a page where you can do a “course code search”. Type APC3701 into the course code search box and click submit. You will be taken to a page where the APC3701 e- Reserves for 2018 are listed. Download these articles. 4.1 Prescribed books You will receive a prescribed reader entitled “The Politics of Southern Africa: Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana; Angola, Mozambique and Angola”. 4.2 Recommended books There are no recommended books for this module. 4.3 Electronic reserves (e-reserves)E-Reserve articles for Option 1: Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana Southern Africa Matlosa, K. 2017. The state of democratization in Southern Africa: blocked transitions, reversals, stagnation, progress and prospects. Politikon, 44(1): 5 – 26. Zambia Kragelund, P. 2014. Donors go home: non-traditional state actors and the creation of developmental space in Zambia. Third World quarterly, 35(1): 145 – 162. Ntomba, R. 2016. Another disputed election, another dodgy court ruling. New African, October 2016: 40 – 41. Sardanis, A. 2015. Zambia: the first fifty years. The roundtable: the Commonwealth journal of international affairs, 104(1): 9 – 17. Zimbabwe Cliffe, L., Alexander, J., Cousins, B. & Gaidzanwa, R. 2011. An Overview of fast-track land reform in Zimbabwe. Journal of peasant studies, 38(5): 907 – 938. Moore, D. 2014. Death or dearth of democracy in Zimbabwe? Africa spectrum, 49(1): 101 – 114. Botswana Botlhomilwe, M.Z. & Molebatsi, R.M. 2014. A democracy with weak oversight institutions: an application to the “African Miracle” Botswana. Journal of public administration, 49(3): 813 – 820. Burchard, S. 2013. You have to know where to look in order to find it: competitiveness in Botswana’s dominant party system. Government and opposition, 48(1): 101 – 126.Makgala, C.J. & Mokganedi, Z.B. 2017. Elite interests and political participation in Botswana, 1966 – 2014. Journal of contemporary African studies, 35(1): 54 – 72. Mogalakwe, M. 2015. An assessment of Botswana’s electoral management body to deliver fair elections. Journal of contemporary African studies, 33: 105 – 120. E-Reserve articles for Option 2: Angola, Mozambique and Namibia Southern Africa Matlosa, K. 2017. The state of democratization in Southern Africa: blocked transitions, reversals, stagnation, progress and prospects. Politikon, 44(1): 5 – 26. Angola Ovadia, J.S. 2012. The dual nature of local content in Angola’s oil and gas industry: development versus elite accumulation. Journal of contemporary African studies, 30(3): 395 – 417. Mozambique Azevedo-Harman, E. 2015. Patching things up in Mozambique. Journal of democracy, 26(2): 139 – 150. Macamo, E. 2017. Power, conflict, and citizenship: Mozambique’s contemporary struggles. Citizenship studies, 21(2): 196 – 209. Phiri, M.Z. & Macheve, A. Jr. 2014. Mozambique’s peace decades since the end of the conflict: inclusive or managed democracy? African journal of conflict resolution, 14(1): 38 – 62. Phiri, M.Z. 2012. The political economy of Mozambique twenty years on: A post conflict success story. South African journal of international affairs, 19(2): 223 – 245. Namibia Lindeke, W.A. 2014. The perils and complexity of democratic values in Namibia. Afrobarometer, Briefing Paper No.144: 1 – 15.Melber, H., Kromrey, D. & Welz, M. 2016. Changing of the guard? An anatomy of power within SWAPO of Namibia. African affairs, 116(463): 284 – 310. 4.4 Library services and resources information For brief information, go to For detailed information, go to personal librarians, click on "Research support". The library has compiled a number of library guides: • finding recommended reading in the print collection and e-reserves – • requesting material – • postgraduate information services – • finding, obtaining and using library resources and tools to assist in doing research – • how to contact the library/finding us on social media/frequently asked questions – How to get to and use the Political Sciences Library Guide a.) On the Library homepage, click on the box titled “Library guides”. b.) On the next page, scroll down to “Political Sciences” and click on the link. c.) This will take you to the Political Sciences Library Guide. This serves as a user-friendly platform to access a range of resources to use when doing research and writing your second assignment. Please take special note of learning how to use the “Articles” tab to access electronic journal articles.Unisa has entered into partnerships with establishments (referred to as Telecentres) in various locations across South Africa to enable you (as a Unisa student) free access to computers and the Internet. This access enables you to conduct the following academic related activities: registration, online submission of assignments, engaging in e-tutoring activities and signature courses, etc. Please note that any other activity outside of these is for your own costing, e.g. printing, photocopying, etc. For more information on the Telecentre nearest to you, please visit 6 STUDY PLAN The planning of your own study programme is very important. However, we are not in a position to work out a programme that will suit all your needs. You are responsible for doing the planning yourself. We mention a few guidelines which you should find useful. We recommend that you determine the amount of time available per week for the module, given your own circumstances. This will determine how much time per day you can spend on the module. Your objective should be to follow the schedule throughout the semester. The amount of time per week available for the module is not as important as the fact that you should be continually engaged in studying throughout the semester. Remember to keep steps 1 to 3 indicated on pages 6 to 7 of this tutorial letter in mind when you plan your study programme. You are also referred to the study@Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills. If you are a student with a health-related condition such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, or have a close family member with a health condition, please take cognisance thereof when planning your studies. The same also applies to any other difficulties you or close friends and family members may experience. Such difficulties may impact on the time you may have available for studies. In these circumstances it is important to plan well ahead in order to have sufficient timeto meet deadlines. It will be unwise to cram tasks as this creates enormous stress which will negatively impact on your performance as a student, as well as your health. Planning your studies is essential so that you work consistently and make good progress. It would be wise to know your health status with regard to conditions such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. If you are informed by medical tests, with the necessary medical and supportive interventions you can prolong and improve the quality of your life and your success in your studies. 7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING There is no practical work and work integrated learning for this module. 8 ASSESSMENT 8.1 Assessment criteria Two compulsory assignments must be submitted as part of the formative assessment component for this module. These will determine your admission to the examinations, as well as your semester mark. Please note the due dates of assignments. Assignments form an integral part of your studies but do not cover the entire content of the modules. Summative assessment consists of a formative venue-based examination. Please study your copy of the study@Unisa brochure for all rules and arrangements pertaining to the examination. 8.2 Assessment plan Note: as already mentioned, there are two compulsory assignments. • Assignment 1: compulsory for purposes of admission to the examination. • Assignment 2: compulsory for a semester mark. Be especially aware that there are different assignments for Semesters 1 and 2 respectively. Each assignment has a clearly marked heading, so please be very alert in reading it so that you can ensure that you do the questions relevant for your chosen option and the semester for which you are registered. In order to be admitted to the examination, you have to submit assignment 1 in good time. Assignments 1 and 2 will jointly contribute towards a semester mark that counts 30% towardsyour final mark. Your semester mark will be calculated on the basis of the marks you have obtained in each of the two assignments. The semester mark (30%), together with your examination mark (70%) will thus be used to calculate your final mark for this module. It is important to submit the assignments on time. 8.3 Assignment numbers 8.3.1 General assignment numbers 8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers Assignment 1 first semester 702578 Assignment 2 first semester 865999 Assignment 1 second semester 881602 Assignment 2 second semester 804785 8.4 Assignment due dates General assignment numbers Due dates for assignments Assignment 1 first semester 14 March 2018 Assignment 2 first semester 12 April 2018 Assignment 1 second semester 15 August 2018 Assignment 2 second semester 12 September 2018 8.5 Submission of assignments For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see the study@Unisa brochure, which you received with your tutorial matter. It is preferable that you submit your assignments online through myUnisa by doing the following: Go to myUnisa. Log in with your student number and password. Select the module from the orange bar. Click on assignments in the left menu. Click on the assignment number you want to submit. Follow the instructions.8.6 .The assignments VERY IMPORTANT 1. All assignments must comply with the technical requirements explained in addenda A, B and C of this tutorial letter, as well as the assignment guidelines provided below. 2. Non-compliance will either lead to a VERY low mark or a mark of 0% being assigned to your work, or to your assignment being sent back to you for corrections. 3. The lecturer WILL NOT mark an assignment that does not comply with the technical requirements in addenda A, B and C and the guidelines provided below. 4. Make use of the Harvard Method of Referencing as explained in Addendum A of this tutorial letter. This means that if you use ideas or work of others in your own writing, you have to give recognition to the original author of the idea or work by making use of in-text references and linked bibliographical references. 5. When you want to use an idea of an author in your own writing, interpret that idea in your own words (paraphrase the text), or repeat the original idea exactly as it is by using quotation marks. You have to add an in-text reference (and linked bibliographical reference) to the text in both these cases (always show the reader where the original idea came from). 6. Only use quotes in your academic writing when it is difficult to reinterpret the original idea in your own words. Sometimes an author writes something so well that it does not make sense to try and reinterpret it in your own words – use quotes in these cases. Do not over-utilise quotes in your academic writing. 7. Never just copy-and-paste phrases, sentences or paragraphs into your own academic writing. When you do research, make sense of what you’re reading, and incorporate existing ideas into your own research by giving due recognition to those existing ideas by means of the Harvard Method of Referencing. 8. Make sure to avoid plagiarism. Visit to do self- study on plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense and you will be penalised severely if you commit plagiarism.Remember: saying that you do not know what plagiarism is, is not a sufficient excuse when we identify plagiarism in your academic writing. 9. In assignment 2 you have to formulate an argument that is not based mostly on your own opinion, but is supported with research that has integrated a good variety of quality sources. A good rule to follow is the following (this does not fully apply to the introduction section of assignment 2, and never applies to a conclusion): almost every paragraph in your academic writing must include at least one in-text reference. 10. Learn how to get access to electronic sources through the Unisa Library website by visiting the website and familiarising yourself with its content – this will be the best and easiest way for you to do good research. Only doing a Google search on a topic will not suffice. 11. Visit the Political Sciences Library Guide on the website of the Unisa Library at 12. Always proofread assignments before submission and fix typos, and spelling and grammar mistakes. 13. Preferably submit all assignments online via myUnisa. The postal system is not reliable and submission through myUnisa will be the best way to ensure that your assignments reach the Department. SEMESTER 1 FOR STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR APC3701 DURING SEMESTER 1 ASSIGNMENTS (OPTION 1 AND OPTION 2 – ONLY DO THE ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE OPTION THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN) ASSIGNMENT 1 Write a summary between 600 and 1000 words of the following e-Reserve article. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED!Mogalakwe, M. 2015. An assessment of Botswana’s electoral management body to deliver fair elections. Journal of contemporary African studies, 33: 105 – 120. • Just summarise the article provided above – do not do extra research. • In this assignment you have to demonstrate that you have the ability to highlight that which is essential in an article, and not get lost in too much of the details. • Make sure to use your own words when writing the summary. This will help you to demonstrate that you have read the article with insight and can present your understanding on paper. • Only use quotes in your academic writing when it is difficult to reinterpret the original idea in your own words. Sometimes an author writes something so well that it does not make sense to try and reinterpret it in your own words – use quotes in these cases. Do not overutilise quotes in the summary. • You do not have to write a table of contents page or use the sub-headings “Introduction” and “Conclusion” in the summary – just get directly to summarising the article. However, make sure that your summary, as assignment 1, has a cover page, a declaration page and a bibliography. • REMEMBER: even though you are writing a summary on an article that has been provided to you here, you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article by Mogalakwe in your writing. ASSIGNMENT 2 Kragelund, P. 2014. Donors go home: non-traditional state actors and the creation of developmental space in Zambia. Third World quarterly, 35(1): 145 – 162. Based on the e-Reserve article above, as well as further research, critically discuss Chinese, Indian and Brazilian engagement in the Zambian economy. Also give attention to the effect of the engagement of these “new” regional powers on Zambia’s relationship with traditional (European) partners. The length of the paper should be between 2000 and 3000 words, excluding the cover page, declaration page, table of contents page and bibliography. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! • Follow the guidelines for the writing of an academic paper in addenda A, B and C.• Except for the article above, it is compulsory that you include AT LEAST one primary source and three secondary sources in your assignment. These have to be integrated in your argument and recognised by means of in-text and bibliographical references (see the Harvard Method of Referencing in Addendum A). Please take note that the use of five sources in total in this assignment is only a minimum number. Integrating more sources in your writing, and using more sources to substantiate your argument would count in your favour. • REMEMBER: you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article above. • The point of using quality and (mostly) peer-reviewed sources in an academic paper is to support the argument that you are making in your writing. Do not rely on your own opinion – defend the statements that you make with in-text references (and linked bibliographic entries). • See the information box below for the difference between primary and secondary sources. • Also include quality online publications in your research and writing. For example, visit the websites of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for quality online publications on the topic. ASSIGNMENT 1 Write a summary between 600 and 1000 words of the following e-Reserve article. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! Azevedo-Harman, E. 2015. Patching things up in Mozambique. Journal of democracy, 26(2): 139 – 150. • Just summarise the article provided above – do not do extra research. • In this assignment you have to demonstrate that you have the ability to highlight that which is essential in an article, and not get lost in too much of the details. • Make sure to use your own words when writing the summary. This will help you to demonstrate that you have read the article with insight and can present your understanding on paper. • Only use quotes in your academic writing when it is difficult to reinterpret the original idea in your own words. Sometimes an author writes something so well that it doesnot make sense to try and reinterpret it in your own words – use quotes in these cases. Do not overutilise quotes in the summary. • You do not have to write a table of contents page or use the sub-headings “Introduction” and “Conclusion” in the summary – just get directly to summarising the article. However, make sure that your summary, as assignment 1, has a cover page, a declaration page and a bibliography. • REMEMBER: even though you are writing a summary on an article that has been provided to you here, you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article by Mogalakwe in your writing. ASSIGNMENT 2 Melber, H., Kromrey, D. & Welz, M. 2016. Changing of the guard? An anatomy of power within SWAPO of Namibia. African affairs, 116(463): 284 – 310. Based on the e-Reserve article above, as well as further research, critically discuss the Namibian dominant party state as an example of competitive authoritarian rule. The length of the paper should be between 2000 and 3000 words, excluding the cover page, declaration page, table of contents page and bibliography. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! • Follow the guidelines for the writing of an academic paper in addenda A, B and C. • Except for the article above, it is compulsory that you include AT LEAST one primary source and three secondary sources in your assignment. These have to be integrated in your argument and recognised by means of in-text and bibliographical references (see the Harvard Method of Referencing in Addendum A). Please take note that the use of five sources in total in this assignment is only a minimum number. Integrating more sources in your writing, and using more sources to substantiate your argument would count in your favour. • REMEMBER: you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article above. • The point of using quality and (mostly) peer-reviewed sources in an academic paper is to support the argument that you are making in your writing. Do not rely on your own opinion – defend the statements that you make with in-text references (and linked bibliographic entries). • See the information box below for the difference between primary and secondary sources.• Also include quality online publications in your research and writing. For example, visit the websites of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for quality online publications on the topic. Primary sources “A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and Internet communications via email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups are also primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies – research where an experiment was performed or a direct observation was made. The results of empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences” (Ithaca College Library, date unknown). A good primary source to possibly include in your writing is data from the Afrobarometer website at Secondary sources “Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research” (Ithaca College Library, date unknown). My advice would be to use the Political Sciences Library Guide on the Unisa Library website to search for electronic journal articles (which are secondary sources) on the topic. I explain how to get to the Political Sciences Library Guide on pages 11 and 12 of this tutorial letter. Look out for the “Articles” tab to do a search to find electronic journal articles. Bibliography Ithaca College Library. Date unknown. Primaryand secondary sources. Available at: 2016). SEMESTER 2FOR STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR APC3701 DURING SEMESTER 2 ASSIGNMENTS (OPTION 1 AND OPTION 2 – ONLY DO THE ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE OPTION THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN) ASSIGNMENT 1 Write a summary between 600 and 1000 words of the following e-Reserve article. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! Moore, D. 2014. Death or dearth of democracy in Zimbabwe? Africa spectrum, 49(1): 101 – 114. • Just summarise the article provided above – do not do extra research. • In this assignment you have to demonstrate that you have the ability to highlight that which is essential in an article, and not get lost in too much of the details. • Make sure to use your own words when writing the summary. This will help you to demonstrate that you have read the article with insight and can present your understanding on paper. • Only use quotes in your academic writing when it is difficult to reinterpret the original idea in your own words. Sometimes an author writes something so well that it does not make sense to try and reinterpret it in your own words – use quotes in these cases. Do not overutilise quotes in the summary. • You do not have to write a table of contents page or use the sub-headings “Introduction” and “Conclusion” in the summary – just get directly to summarising the article. However, make sure that your summary, as assignment 1, has a cover page, a declaration page and a bibliography. • REMEMBER: even though you are writing a summary on an article that has been provided to you here, you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article by Mogalakwe in your writing. ASSIGNMENT 2 Makgala, C.J. & Mokganedi, Z.B. 2017. Elite interests and political participation in Botswana, 1966 – 2014. Journal of contemporary African studies, 35(1): 54 – 72. Based on the e-Reserve article above, as well as further research, critically discuss the role of the elite in the development of the Botswana economy.The length of the paper should be between 2000 and 3000 words, excluding the cover page, declaration page, table of contents page and bibliography. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! • Follow the guidelines for the writing of an academic paper in addenda A, B and C. • Except for the article above, it is compulsory that you include AT LEAST one primary source and three secondary sources in your assignment. These have to be integrated in your argument and recognised by means of in-text and bibliographical references (see the Harvard Method of Referencing in Addendum A). Please take note that the use of five sources in total in this assignment is only a minimum number. Integrating more sources in your writing, and using more sources to substantiate your argument would count in your favour. • REMEMBER: you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article above. • The point of using quality and (mostly) peer-reviewed sources in an academic paper is to support the argument that you are making in your writing. Do not rely on your own opinion – defend the statements that you make with in-text references (and linked bibliographic entries). • See the information box below for the difference between primary and secondary sources. • Also include quality online publications in your research and writing. For example, visit the websites of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for quality online publications on the topic. Primary sources “A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and Internet communications via email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups are also primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies – research where an experiment was performed or a direct observation was made. The results of empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences” (Ithaca College Library, date unknown).A good primary source to possibly include in your writing is data from the Afrobarometer website at Secondary sources “Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research” (Ithaca College Library, date unknown). My advice would be to use the Political Sciences Library Guide on the Unisa Library website to search for electronic journal articles (which are secondary sources) on the topic. I explain how to get to the Political Sciences Library Guide on pages 11 and 12 of this tutorial letter. Look out for the “Articles” tab to do a search to find electronic journal articles. Bibliography Ithaca College Library. Date unknown. Primaryand secondary sources. Available at: 2016). ASSIGNMENT 1 Write a summary between 600 and 1000 words of the following e-Reserve article. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! Macamo, E. 2017. Power, conflict, and citizenship: Mozambique’s contemporary struggles. Citizenship studies, 21(2): 196 – 209. • Just summarise the article provided above – do not do extra research. • In this assignment you have to demonstrate that you have the ability to highlight that which is essential in an article, and not get lost in too much of the details. • Make sure to use your own words when writing the summary. This will help you to demonstrate that you have read the article with insight and can present your understanding on paper.• Only use quotes in your academic writing when it is difficult to reinterpret the original idea in your own words. Sometimes an author writes something so well that it does not make sense to try and reinterpret it in your own words – use quotes in these cases. Do not overutilise quotes in the summary. • You do not have to write a table of contents page or use the sub-headings “Introduction” and “Conclusion” in the summary – just get directly to summarising the article. However, make sure that your summary, as assignment 1, has a cover page, a declaration page and a bibliography. • REMEMBER: even though you are writing a summary on an article that has been provided to you here, you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article by Mogalakwe in your writing. ASSIGNMENT 2 Ovadia, J.S. 2012. The dual nature of local content in Angola’s oil and gas industry: development versus elite accumulation. Journal of contemporary African studies, 30(3): 395 – 417. Based on the e-Reserve article above, as well as further research, critically discuss the role of the elite in the development of the Angolan economy. The length of the paper should be between 2000 and 3000 words, excluding the cover page, declaration page, table of contents page and bibliography. KEEP TO THE WORD COUNT, OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE PENALISED! • Follow the guidelines for the writing of an academic paper in addenda A, B and C. • Except for the article above, it is compulsory that you include AT LEAST one primary source and three secondary sources in your assignment. These have to be integrated in your argument and recognised by means of in-text and bibliographical references (see the Harvard Method of Referencing in Addendum A). Please take note that the use of five sources in total in this assignment is only a minimum number. Integrating more sources in your writing, and using more sources to substantiate your argument would count in your favour. • REMEMBER: you still have to use in-text references and linked bibliographic entries to recognise the article above. • The point of using quality and (mostly) peer-reviewed sources in an academic paper is to support the argument that you are making in your writing. Do not rely on your own opinion – defend the statements that you make with in-text references (and linked bibliographic entries). • See the information box below for the difference between primary and secondary sources.• Also include quality online publications in your research and writing. For example, visit the websites of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) for quality online publications on the topic. ary “Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research” (Ithaca College Library, date unknown). My advice would be to use the Political Sciences Library Guide on the Unisa Library website to search for electronic journal articles (which are secondary sources) on the topic. I explain how to get to the Political Sciences Library Guide on pages 11 and 12 of this tutorial letter. Look out for the “Articles” tab to do a search to find 8.7 Other assessment methods N/A. 8.8 The examination Summative assessment in the form of a venue based examination will take place during May/ June (first semester) and October/ November (second semester). All enquiries and applications relating to admissions should be forwarded to the following e-mail address: study- or fax +27 (0). Please do not contact the Department unless the enquiry is of an academic nature.Students who register for modules in the first semester will write examinations in May/ June and students who register for modules in the second semester will write examinations in October/ November. Aegrotat, special and supplementary examinations for the first semester will take place during October/ November exam period of the same year, and for the second semester during May/ June exam period of the following year. You write a two hour examination in either May/ June or October/ November. In the examination, you will be presented with a choice of four essay type or short answer questions from which you will have to answer two. Specific exam guidelines will be made available on myUnisa (by means of an announcement on myUnisa under APC3701 that will also be sent to your student e-mail inbox) well before the exam. Normally a list of possible exam questions are provided – you have to practise writing essays for these possible exam questions as part of your exam preparation. You are not required to include a table of contents or bibliography when answering examination questions. Tip for answering examination questions. Students are more likely to succeed in the examination if they adhere to the following. Try to answer two questions as is expected from you rather than to answer only one question well. Stay focused on the question – don’t write anything that comes to mind and expect to obtain the necessary marks required to succeed. 9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS N/A. 10 SOURCES CONSULTED N/A. 11 IN CLOSINGPlease ensure that you read the entire tutorial letter prior to commencing any assessment activity. Students frequently miss important instructions for how assignments should be done and referenced due to hastiness. Study problems should be raised with the relevant lecturer, by letter, telephone or appointment. 12 ADDENDUM ADDENDUM A: THE HARVARD METHOD OF REFERENCING TAKE NOTE: FOR EASY USE WHILE YOU WRITE ASSIGNMENTS, REFER TO THE SUMMARY OF THE HARVARD METHOD OF REFERENCING STARTING ON PAGE OF THIS TUTORIAL LETTER. We prefer the Harvard Method of Referencing which consists of the surname of the author, followed by the date of publication of the source, a colon, and the page number of the information, all closed in brackets, as follows (Slabbert 1991: 2). Source references are directly linked to the bibliography at the end of the research report. The bibliography provides all the information of publications and other sources, whereas a source reference only provides the author and date of publication, as well as the page on which the information used in the research report appears. It implies that a reader must move between the specific reference and the bibliography for gaining all the information. 1. Direct quotation from a source with a publishing date If on page 9 of the book Democracy, bureaucracy and public choice written by Patrick Dunleavy in 1991, you have taken a direct quotation, the quotation should be in inverted commas, followed by the reference as follows: "..." (Dunleavy 1991: 9). 2. Direct quotation from a source without a publishing date Should a source not have a date, it is indicated as follows:"..." (Andrews No date: 9). If a book is written in a language other than English, the notation can be in that language, even though your research report is written in English. If it is a book written in Afrikaans, then it would be "..." (Potgieter Geen datum: 9). 3. Substantiating a fact or statement When a fact is stated, or a statement is made, or if some thought or idea of an author is used without embodying it in a direct quotation, the source is indicated as follows: According to Karl Marx man is alienated from himself (Wainwright 1988: 5). Should the publishing date of the source not be known, you may once again use “No date” or “Geen datum”. 4. Newspapers If information from a newspaper has been used, then the name of the newspaper and the date is given - for example: "..." (Sunday Times 2013: 2). Should the author of the report in a newspaper be known, then this is indicated: "..." (Khumalo 2013: 1). 5. Source without a person as an author, or an anonymous author If a source does not have a person as an author, such as official reports and official publications, then you decide on a key word to be used in the notation of the source. (In the case of official commissions of inquiry the name of the chairperson of the report is used as the author.) If you quote from the Government gazette, then you decide on a key word, and indicate it as follows: "..." (Government gazette 1988: 209).If the publication has been written by an anonymous author or institution, the reference is: “...” (Anon. 1991: 23). 6. Interview The notation of an interview should indicate that it is an interview. The name of the person interviewed and the date of the interview are given: (Skweyiya 1998: interview). 7. Study guides and readers are referenced as “books” A study guide is a book. It has an author, a date of publication, a title, a location of publication and a publisher. The same applies to a reader published by Unisa. You should refer to such a publication as follows: “...” (Labuschagne 1995: 35). 8. References from documentation on the internet In the section pertaining to the Bibliography we indicate also the notations for sources on the Internet used – especially those taken from a scholarly project, a personal site, a book, a report in a reference database and a report in a journal. The same reference style is used as for the actual publication. For example a reference to a book or report remains as follows: “ ” (Criss 1996: 3). 9. QuotationsThe manner in which quotations are handled in the text of a research report is explained under the following subheadings: 9.1 Quotations must be exact Direct quotations must be placed between inverted commas (" ") in the author's exact words. Should the author have made a spelling error, it must be repeated in the quotation. In such cases the misspelled word is followed by the Latin word (sic), placed in brackets. Sic means “I have noticed” and indicates that you have not made the mistake. For example: "Kenneth Kaunda wis (sic) the President of Zambia". 9.2 Direct and indirect quotations A direct quotation is one in which the exact words of an author are repeated. An indirect quotation is one in which the words or ideas of an author are paraphrased, i.e. formulated in your own words, or where a fact given by, or an opinion expressed by an author is used without embodying it in a direct quotation. Indirect quotations are not indicated by inverted commas. All direct and indirect quotations must be substantiated by a reference to the source from which they have been obtained. Under no circumstances may words or ideas of an author be used without acknowledging them. 9.3 Number of direct quotations It is advisable to formulate as much of the information as possible in your own words. Direct quotations must be limited to those instances where the meaning of the quotation is such that it cannot easily be paraphrased or where it will lose some of its meaning if paraphrased. 9.4 Quoting of a quotationIf a quotation of one author is taken from a book by another author, you should cite the name of the author whose quotation it is. For instance, should you wish to quote information from Truman but which is included in Edelman's book, you could do it as follows: "(. the quotation)" (quoted by Edelman 1967: 100). This means that it is a quotation by Truman published in 1951. The reference indicates that it is quoted on page 100 in Edelman's book published in 1967. 9.5 Missing words Should a sentence not be quoted in its entirety, the missing words must be indicated with ... (dots). PLEASE NOTE: Three dots only, and no dashes ---. E.g. The sentence "The tall man walks down the street", can be reduced to "The man walks down the street". Do not link the words and the dots as in "The man walks". 9.6 Missing capital letters Should a quotation be used that does not commence with a capital letter, but the sentence in which the quotation is used commences with the quotation, the capital letter is inserted in brackets, e.g. the complete sentence is "The man wears a coat because it is cold". If the quotation commences with "because it is cold" it is done as follows: "(B)ecause it is cold ...". 9.7 Insertion of words Should it be necessary to insert a word or words in a quotation in order to improve the syntax of a sentence or to clarify something in the quotation, such inserted words are placed in brackets e.g. "Jan Smuts was a political leader. He was Prime Minister of South Africa". If only the last sentence is used, it will not be clear who the person in question is. The quotation would then be written as follows: "He (Jan Smuts) was a Prime Minister of South Africa".9.8 Full stop (.) Each direct or indirect quotation is followed by a source reference. The full stop follows the source and not the quotation. Thus: "Gandhi was a leader" (Naidoo 1980: 100). and NOT "Gandhi was a leader". (Naidoo 1980: 100) 10. Compiling a Bibliography A Bibliography is a list of all the sources, including interviews, on which you have based your essay and to which you have referred in the text. The term Bibliography should be used, and not terms such as Books, Sources or References. It is unacceptable to include sources in a bibliography which were not used in an essay, and you should also not list the original source of a quotation taken from a study guide or book as if you have used the original source. (Please look: Quoting of a quotation.) 10.1 Alphabetical order Sources are listed in the Bibliography in alphabetical order, based on the surname of the author or a keyword that has been decided upon. Books, newspapers, study guides, interviews and articles are listed together in the same section of the Bibliography. Acts of Parliament are listed under a separate heading. 10.2 Notation of a book The notation of a book in the bibliography should contain the following: the surname(s) of the author(s), his/ her initial(s), an indication if the author(s) are the editors (ed [singular] or eds [plural]) or the compiler (comp.) of the book, the date of publication, the title (underlined or in italics), the place of publication, and the name of the publisher. The following is an example:Russell, B. 2000. History of western philosophy. London: Routledge. 10.3 Notation of an article If you have used information from a journal article for the research article, it should be included as follows: the surname and initials of the author; the date of publication; the title of the article; the journal’s name (underlined or in italics); the volume and number of the journal; the month or season of publication. The following is an example: Lodge, T. 1985. The politics of refusal, in Leadership 5 (1) (July). The title of the article is not underlined, but the title of the periodical is. The volume and number of the periodical are listed together with the month (such as February) or the season of publication (such as winter or fall) in brackets. Therefore, in the example it is volume 5, number 1, published in July. 10.4 Use of information of one author by another When you use in your research article information (including a quotation) from one author which appears in the work of another author, you must furnish the source of the work in which you have found it, and not the original source in which it appeared. The following is an example: Truman, D. 1951. The government process, in Edelman, M. 1967, The symbolic uses of politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. This indicates that Edelman took over the quotation from Truman, and that you have used Edelman’s book. Please note that the title of Edelman's book is underlined and not Truman's. Thus you indicate that Edelman's book was used and not Truman's. 10.5 Books or articles written by the same author(s) in the same yearShould you use two or more books or articles written by the same author(s) in the same year, the following method is advisable. The first letter of the title of the book/ article determines which one will be listed first. An "a" is also placed after the date of the first listing, a "b" after the date of the second book/ article, and so forth. The following is an example: Poulantzas, N. 1974a. Classes in contemporary capitalism. London: Verso. Poulantzas, N. 1974b. Fascism and dictatorship. London: New Left Books. 10.6 Keyword Should you use a keyword, the notation in the bibliography commences with that keyword. Should a quotation be from a report for which you decided on a keyword, then the notation will commence with such a key word, e.g. if the keyword has been used in a reference such as (Tomlinson Report 1955:100), it should be listed in the bibliography in this way: Tomlinson Report. 1955. Summary of the report of the commission for the socio-economic development of the Bantu areas within the Union of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer (UG 61-1955). 10.7 Interview The details of the person with whom the interview was conducted must be supplied in such a manner that the reader can identify and liaise with him/ her should it be necessary to verify the information. Example: Mazibuko, P. Chief Director, Department of Foreign Affairs, interview 21 April 1997. 10.8 Capital letters in title A capital letter is used only for names of people, places, subjects, and at the beginning of thetitle of a book, article or periodical. It is not: The Purpose of Political Science, in Journal of Political Science, but: The purpose of Political Science, Journal of Political Science. Other examples are: Journal of theoretical politics, the book Democracy, bureaucracy & public choice (by Patrick Dunleavy). 10.9 Missing information Any missing information must be indicated in the notation in the bibliography. Should the name of an author not appear in a book, should his/ her initials be missing, the date on which it was published not be supplied, the place of publication or the name of the publisher not be supplied, then such missing information must be indicated by placing the relevant words in brackets in the correct place in the notation, such as (No date), or (No publisher). These words are placed in brackets in the relevant places. 10.10 Circa The Latin word circa, which must be underlined or in italics, since it is a word from a foreign language, means 'approximate'. It is used to indicate the approximate date or period of a publication. Should the date of publication not be supplied, then you should try to establish from other sources what the date or approximate date is. This can then be noted in the notation of the relevant work, with an indication that the date is approximate (circa or ca., c.) An example of this type of notation is: Communist Party of South Africa, ca. 1948. Malanazi. (No place): (No publisher). 10.11 Study guide A study guide is a book. It should therefore not be noted as: Study guide, African politics III. Guide for APL303-U or just simply 'Study guide'. It should be: Van der Merwe, J.A. 1988. African Politics: study guide for APL303U. Pretoria: University of South Africa.In the case of a study guide with more than one author, you should indicate the name of the first author followed by et al. ("and others"). An example of this is: Botha, S. et al. 1997. In troduction to Politics PCS100-E: study guide 2. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Some study guides were revised by authors other than the original ones. You should treat them in the following way: Timmermans, D.J.J. (revised by A.M. Faure). 1980. Politics: study guide 1 for PCS201-J. Pretoria: University of South Africa. 10.12 Reader Some of the courses refer you to periodical articles and other writings which were reproduced in special Unisa readers. You should cite them in the bibliography in the following way: For a specific article: Anderson, Charles W. 1979. The place of principles in policy analysis, in Kotzé, Dirk (compiler).1989. Public policy: reader for PCS202-K. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Should you wish to refer to a reader as a whole: Labuschagne, G.S. and Muller, M.E. (compilers). 1988. South African foreign policy and relations: reader for INP202-L and INP303-Q. Pretoria: University of South Africa. 10.13 Newspaper A newspaper article is noted as follows:Sunday Times. 2013. Malema to win hearts. Sunday Times, 3 April 2014: 2. If the author of the newspaper article is known, it is noted as follows: Khumalo, B. 2013. EFF makes history. Sunday Times, 10 August 2013: 1. 10.14 Historical works Books written in days gone by are occasionally re-issued. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book The social contract, was published in 1770. Since you are unlikely to use the original edition, this should be indicated in your bibliography. It would be incorrect to note this books as follows: Rousseau, J.J. 1961 This would create the impression that the book was published in 1961. Establish the date of the first edition and note it as follows: Rousseau, J.J. 1770. The social contract, in Cole, G.D.H. 1961. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The social contract. London: J.M. Dent. In the case of authors such as the classical Greeks no date of the original edition is known. In these cases the date of birth or the approximate period during which the author lived, must be given. Aristotle, b. 384 BC. Nicomachean Ethics. [b = born] OR Aristotle, c. 350 BC [c. = circa, i.e. approximately]. 10.15 Unpublished works, master’s and doctoral dissertations and addresses Dissertations, theses and conference papers which have not been published are noted as follows: Jacobs, D. 1985. The theory of Political Science during the twentieth century. Unpublished D.Phil. thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa. NOTE: The title is NOT underlined; the degree for which the dissertation/ thesis has been submitted is indicated (honours, masters or doctoral); and the university and its location are indicated. A master’s document is a dissertation and a doctoral document is a thesis An unpublished conference paper or other presentation is listed in the following way: Adam, H. 1978. The preconditions for peaceful change and intergroup accommodation in a divided society. Unpublished paper delivered at the International Futures Conference: "The Road Ahead", Grahamstown. 10.16 Official documents Official documents like Acts of Parliament are listed separately in the Bibliography. The notation of an Act of Parliament commences with an indication of the country of origin. For example: South Africa (Republic): The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 200 of 1993. and South Africa (Union): South Africa Act, 1909. PLEASE NOTE: The article "The" is not included in the title of a statute and the number and date are not underlined It is therefore NOT:South Africa (Union): The South Africa Act, 1909. Other official documents can be listed as follows: United Nations General Assembly. Declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 1970. 10.17 Internet sources If the author is known: Smith, MN. 2002. Phenomenology: what's new? Available at: (accessed on 25/06/2002). Text reference: As stated by Smith (2002)… If the author is not known (use the website address to determine an “author” or keyword for the “author”): Weight Watchers. 2002. Salads. Available at: Text reference: … as they claim (Weight Watchers 2002). 11. Example of a bibliography Adam, H. 1978. The preconditions for peaceful change and intergroup accommodation in a divided society. Unpublished paper delivered at the International Futures Conference: "The Road Ahead", Grahamstown. Jacobs, D. 1985. The theory of Political Science during the twentieth century. Unpublished D. Phil. thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Khumalo, B. 2013. EFF makes history. Sunday Times, 10 August 2013: 1. Lodge, T. 1985. The politics of refusal, in Leadership 5 (1) (July).Mazibuko, P. Chief Director, Department of Foreign Affairs, interview 21 April 1997. Poulantzas, N. 2000a. Classes in contemporary capitalism. London: Verso. Poulantzas, N. 2000b. Capitalism and feminism. London: New Left Books. Russel, B. 2000. History of western philosophy. London: Routledge. Smith, MN. 2002. Phenomeno