AP GOVERNMENT REVIEW SET EXAM REVIEW TERMS 2024 UPDATE United States Politics

AP GOVERNMENT REVIEW SET EXAM REVIEW TERMS 2024 UPDATE United States Politics 10th Amendment - ANS-Powers not expressly given to federal government by the Constitution are reserved to states or the people. Also known as "reserved powers amendment" or "states' rights amendment" 13th Amendment - ANS-Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70) 14th Amendment - ANS-(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. 15th Amendment - ANS-States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. Third of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. First Voting Rights Amendment (with 19, 24 & 26) 16th Amendment - ANS-Power of Congress to tax income 17th Amendment - ANS-Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) 19th Amendment - ANS-States cannot deny the right to vote based on gender 1st Amendment - ANS-Freedom of religion (establishment & free exercise clauses), speech, press, assembly, and petition. 22nd Amendment - ANS-Limits the president to two terms. 23rd Amendment - ANS-Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress) 24th Amendment - ANS-Abolishes poll taxes 26th Amendment - ANS-States cannot deny the right to vote based on age (18+) 2nd Amendment - ANS-Right to arm bears. Supported by National Rifle Association interest group & Republican Party. 4th Amendment - ANS-No "unreasonable" searches and seizures. Exclusionary rule (Weeks v. US, Mapp v. Ohio) 5th Amendment - ANS-(1) No Self-Incrimination (Miranda) (2) No Double Jeopardy (defendant cannot be tried again on the same, or similar charges) (3) No deprivation of life liberty or property without "due process of law" (fair treatment) 6th Amendment - ANS-The right to counsel in criminal trials. Gideon v. Wainwright held that states must provide indigent defendants with a free lawyer ("public defender"). Right to jury in criminal trials. 7th Amendment - ANS-Right to jury in civil trials. 8th Amendment - ANS-Government cannot inflict cruel and unusual punishment. Meaning of "cruel" based on "evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." Categorical bans on death penalty: juveniles, retarded, non-murder crimes... 9th Amendment - ANS-Unenumerated Rights Amendment. Citizens have unenumerated rights in addition to those stated in the Constitution. Not been developed by Supreme Court (too open ended) Constitution - ANS-A nation's basic law, creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Can be written or unwritten. Agents of Socialization - ANS-Family (most important); TV/media (growing in importance); friends/peers; school (formal socialization). How we develop (absorb) opinions & beliefs. American Political Culture - ANS- Precedent - ANS-A decision in a previous court case that is used as the basis for a decision in a similar case. Stare Decisis - ANS-"Let the decision stand"; the principle that cases should be decided in ways consistent with similar prior cases. Promotes consistency & fairness. Jurisdiction - ANS-The right & power to make decisions in a particular area. Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Before a federal court can hear a case it must establish that it has the power to hear this type of case (primary jurisdiction is to hear cases involving the federal constitution and/or federal law). Plaintiff - ANS-One who brings a court action against another (the complainer) Prosecutor - ANS-The state or federal government attorney in a criminal case. Defendant - ANS-A...