Secondary spermatocytes – product of first meiotic
REPRODUCTIVE division
SYSTEM Spermatids – product of secondary meiotic division
FUNCTIONS
1. Production of gametes. Sperm cell / Spermatozoon – developed spermatid with
2. Fertilization. a head, midpiece, and flagellum
3. Development and nourishment of a new
individual. DUCTS
4. Production of sex hormones. Epididymis
§ A tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that
FORMATION OF GAMETES form a comma-shaped structure
Gametes – sex cells
Rete testis – each seminiferous tubule empty into in
Meiosis – a type of cell division in which formation of tubular networks
gametes occur
Efferent ductules – carry sperm cells from the testis to
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs the epididymis
Crossing over – allows exchange of genetic material bet. Capacitation – final changes in sperm cells that occur
chromosomes after ejaculation of semen into the vagina and prior to
fertilization
Reduction division – 1st meiotic division; from 16 to 23
chromosomes Ductus Deferens / Vas deferens
§ Emerges from the epididymis and ascends along
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis the posterior side of the testis
Spermatic cord – consists of the ductus deferens,
MALE testicular artery and veins, lymphatic vessels, and
testicular nerve
REPRODUCTIVE Ampulla of the ductus deferens – ductus deferens
SYSTEM increases in diameter
SCROTUM Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct
§ Saclike structure containing the testes Seminal vesicle – sac-shaped gland
Dartos muscle – layer of SM beneath the skin of the Ejaculatory duct – formed by the ducts from the seminal
scrotum vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
Cremaster muscles – extensions of abdominal muscles Urethra
into the scrotum Prostatic urethra – passes through the prostate gland
TESTES Membranous urethra – passes through the floor of the
§ Also called male gonads; oval organs within the pelvis; surrounded by the external urinary sphincter
scrotum
Spongy urethra – extends the length of the penis and
Seminiferous tubules – where sperm cells develop opens at its end
Interstitial cells / Leydig cells – endocrine cells that PENIS
secrete testosterone § Male organs of copulation
§ Functions in transfer of sperm cells from the
Sustentacular cells / Sertoli – are large and nourish the male to the female
germ cells; produce a number of hormones
Erection – process of the engorgement of the erectile
SPERMATOGENESIS tissue with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and
§ Formation of sperm cells become firm
Spermatogonia – most peripheral germ cells that divide Corpora cavernosa – two columns of erectile tissue that
through mitosis form the dorsal portion
Primary spermatocytes – other daughter cells that Corpus spongiosum – third, small erectile column that
divide by meiosis and become sperm cells occupies the ventral portion of the penis
Glans penis – a formed cap
M a v m .
, External urethra orifice – spongy urethra that opens to
the exterior Orgasm / climax – result of pleasurable, intense
sensation
Prepuce / foreskin – lose fold of skin that covers the
glans penis Resolution – penis becomes flaccid; an overall feeling of
satisfaction exists
GLANDS
Prostate gland – consists of glandular _ muscular tissue Erection – first major component of the male sex act
& empties into the urethra
Erectile dysfunction (ED) – impotence; failure to
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper glands – a pair of small, achieve erections
mucus-secreting glands that empty into the urethra
Infertility in Males
SECRETIONS § Common cause is a low sperm cell count
Semen – mixture of sperm cells + gland secretions
Artificial insemination – concentrating the sperm cells
Prostate fluid – contains nutrients and proteolytic and inserting them into the female’s reproductive tract
enzymes; neutralizes the pH of the vagina
Bulbourethral + urethral mucuous glands – produce FEMALE
mucus that neutralizes the acidic pH of the urethra
PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIVE
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – produced
SYSTEM
in hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH and FSH from Broad ligament – spreads out on both sides of the uterus
the anterior pituitary and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates interstitial cells OVARIES
to produce testosterone Suspensory ligament – extends from each ovary to the
lateral body wall
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – binds to
sustentacular cells and stimulates spermatogenesis and Ovarian ligament – attaches the ovary to the superior
secretion of inhibin margin of the uterus
Testosterone – has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH, Mesovarium – folds of peritoneum
LH, and FSH
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
Inhibin – has a negative-feedback effect on FSH Oogonia – the cells form which oocytes develop
secretion
Primary oocyte – oogonia that has stopped I prophase I
Puberty in Males
Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an ovary
§ Before puberty; small amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release.
Secondary oocyte – released when the first meiotic
§ During puberty; testosterone does not
division is complete
completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in
increased prod. of FSH, LH, and testosterone.
Fertilization – when a sperm cell penetrates the
cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Puberty – sequence of events by which a child is
transformed into a young adult
Zygote – 23 chromosomes from the sperm + 23
chromosomes from the female gamete
Effects of Testosterone
§ Enlargement of the genitals; necessary for Follicle Development
spermatogenesis Primordial follicle – primary oocyte surrounded by
§ Responsible for the development of secondary granulosa cells (single layer of flat cells)
sexual characteristics (hair distribution and
growth, skin texture, fat distribution, skeletal Primary follicles – oocyte enlarges and the single layer
muscle growth, changes in the larynx) of granulosa cells become enlarged and cuboidal
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act Zona pellucida – a layer of clear material that is
Testosterone – required for normal sex drive deposited around the primary oocyte
Emission – movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic Secondary follicle – flui-filled vesicles appear and a
secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the theca forms around the follicle
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra
M a v m .
REPRODUCTIVE division
SYSTEM Spermatids – product of secondary meiotic division
FUNCTIONS
1. Production of gametes. Sperm cell / Spermatozoon – developed spermatid with
2. Fertilization. a head, midpiece, and flagellum
3. Development and nourishment of a new
individual. DUCTS
4. Production of sex hormones. Epididymis
§ A tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that
FORMATION OF GAMETES form a comma-shaped structure
Gametes – sex cells
Rete testis – each seminiferous tubule empty into in
Meiosis – a type of cell division in which formation of tubular networks
gametes occur
Efferent ductules – carry sperm cells from the testis to
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs the epididymis
Crossing over – allows exchange of genetic material bet. Capacitation – final changes in sperm cells that occur
chromosomes after ejaculation of semen into the vagina and prior to
fertilization
Reduction division – 1st meiotic division; from 16 to 23
chromosomes Ductus Deferens / Vas deferens
§ Emerges from the epididymis and ascends along
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis the posterior side of the testis
Spermatic cord – consists of the ductus deferens,
MALE testicular artery and veins, lymphatic vessels, and
testicular nerve
REPRODUCTIVE Ampulla of the ductus deferens – ductus deferens
SYSTEM increases in diameter
SCROTUM Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct
§ Saclike structure containing the testes Seminal vesicle – sac-shaped gland
Dartos muscle – layer of SM beneath the skin of the Ejaculatory duct – formed by the ducts from the seminal
scrotum vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
Cremaster muscles – extensions of abdominal muscles Urethra
into the scrotum Prostatic urethra – passes through the prostate gland
TESTES Membranous urethra – passes through the floor of the
§ Also called male gonads; oval organs within the pelvis; surrounded by the external urinary sphincter
scrotum
Spongy urethra – extends the length of the penis and
Seminiferous tubules – where sperm cells develop opens at its end
Interstitial cells / Leydig cells – endocrine cells that PENIS
secrete testosterone § Male organs of copulation
§ Functions in transfer of sperm cells from the
Sustentacular cells / Sertoli – are large and nourish the male to the female
germ cells; produce a number of hormones
Erection – process of the engorgement of the erectile
SPERMATOGENESIS tissue with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and
§ Formation of sperm cells become firm
Spermatogonia – most peripheral germ cells that divide Corpora cavernosa – two columns of erectile tissue that
through mitosis form the dorsal portion
Primary spermatocytes – other daughter cells that Corpus spongiosum – third, small erectile column that
divide by meiosis and become sperm cells occupies the ventral portion of the penis
Glans penis – a formed cap
M a v m .
, External urethra orifice – spongy urethra that opens to
the exterior Orgasm / climax – result of pleasurable, intense
sensation
Prepuce / foreskin – lose fold of skin that covers the
glans penis Resolution – penis becomes flaccid; an overall feeling of
satisfaction exists
GLANDS
Prostate gland – consists of glandular _ muscular tissue Erection – first major component of the male sex act
& empties into the urethra
Erectile dysfunction (ED) – impotence; failure to
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper glands – a pair of small, achieve erections
mucus-secreting glands that empty into the urethra
Infertility in Males
SECRETIONS § Common cause is a low sperm cell count
Semen – mixture of sperm cells + gland secretions
Artificial insemination – concentrating the sperm cells
Prostate fluid – contains nutrients and proteolytic and inserting them into the female’s reproductive tract
enzymes; neutralizes the pH of the vagina
Bulbourethral + urethral mucuous glands – produce FEMALE
mucus that neutralizes the acidic pH of the urethra
PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIVE
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – produced
SYSTEM
in hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH and FSH from Broad ligament – spreads out on both sides of the uterus
the anterior pituitary and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates interstitial cells OVARIES
to produce testosterone Suspensory ligament – extends from each ovary to the
lateral body wall
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – binds to
sustentacular cells and stimulates spermatogenesis and Ovarian ligament – attaches the ovary to the superior
secretion of inhibin margin of the uterus
Testosterone – has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH, Mesovarium – folds of peritoneum
LH, and FSH
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
Inhibin – has a negative-feedback effect on FSH Oogonia – the cells form which oocytes develop
secretion
Primary oocyte – oogonia that has stopped I prophase I
Puberty in Males
Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an ovary
§ Before puberty; small amounts of testosterone
inhibit GnRH release.
Secondary oocyte – released when the first meiotic
§ During puberty; testosterone does not
division is complete
completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in
increased prod. of FSH, LH, and testosterone.
Fertilization – when a sperm cell penetrates the
cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Puberty – sequence of events by which a child is
transformed into a young adult
Zygote – 23 chromosomes from the sperm + 23
chromosomes from the female gamete
Effects of Testosterone
§ Enlargement of the genitals; necessary for Follicle Development
spermatogenesis Primordial follicle – primary oocyte surrounded by
§ Responsible for the development of secondary granulosa cells (single layer of flat cells)
sexual characteristics (hair distribution and
growth, skin texture, fat distribution, skeletal Primary follicles – oocyte enlarges and the single layer
muscle growth, changes in the larynx) of granulosa cells become enlarged and cuboidal
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act Zona pellucida – a layer of clear material that is
Testosterone – required for normal sex drive deposited around the primary oocyte
Emission – movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic Secondary follicle – flui-filled vesicles appear and a
secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the theca forms around the follicle
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra
M a v m .
