Final Exam: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam Review |Modules 9-10 | Complete Guide with Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Rasmussen

Final Exam: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam Review |Modules 9-10 | Complete Guide with Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Rasmussen Q: what is the pathogenesis of encephalitis? Answer: inflammation of brain and/or spinal cord; vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and leukocyte infiltration causes nerve cell degeneration and diffuse brain destruction Q: what is the etiology of encephalitis? Answer: 1. virus (respiratory inhalation, skin contact, indigestion), bacteria 2. immunocompromised at highest risk Q: what are the clinical manifestations of encephalitis? Answer: 1. similar to menengitis but with gradual onset 2. Diagnosis: H&P, throat culture, lumbar puncture with CSF analysis, polymerase chain reaction test, head CT, MRI, EEG, serum viral antibodies Q: what are treatment options for encephalitis? Answer: 1. supportive rest, hydration, nutrition, respiratory support, medications, corticosteroids 2. interdisciplinary team approach 3. prevention --> vaccination, protect self from insects Q: what is the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI)? Answer: damage/bruising/herniation of the brain and nerve fibers related to sudden/violent trauma Q: what is the etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI)? Answer: 1. males, young children and adolescents, >65 years old, certain military personnel, African Americans, substance abuse 2. open (penetrating injury) or closed Q: what are the clinical manifestations of traumatic brain injury (TBI)? Answer: 1. mild to severe, immediate or delayed 2. concussion, pupil inequality, seizures, asymmetrical facial features, fluid draining from nose, mouth, ears, fractures in skull or face, impaired hearing, smell, taste, speech, vision, inability to move 1+ limbs, changes in mood/personality Q: what are treatment options for traumatic brain injury (TBI)? Answer: 1. immediate --> limit brain damage, 2. mild --> rest and analgesics 3. severe --> hospitalization, meds (diuretics, antiseizures, sedativesl, surgery 4. longterm --> interdisciplinary approch to minimize redisual neurologic dysfunction 5. prevention --> safety equipment Q: what is the pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Answer: increased volume within cranial cavity (normal 4-15 mm Hg) compresses cerebral blood vessels and shifts brain contents leading to brain tissue death Q: what is the etiology of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Answer: 1. transient --> coughing, position changes, sneezing 2. TBI, tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, hemorrhage Q: what are clinical manifestations of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Answer: 1. parasympathetic response (bradycardia, cheyne-strokes respirations) 2. herniation --> displaced brain tissue 3. decreased LOC, vomiting, increased BP with widening pulse pressure, papilledema, fixed and dilated pupils, behavior changes, seizures, lethargy, neuro deficits, severe headache, (separated sutures and bulging frontanelle in infants Q: what are treatment implications for increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Answer: can be life threatening, underlying etiology, resolve source of ICP, respiratory support, semi-fowlers, draining excess CSF, seizure precaution, antiulcer meds, stool softeners, sedatives, thermoregulation, glucose management, surgical removal of skull segment Q: What is decorticate posturing? Answer: Flexion of the arm and legs pulled toward the core of the body. Remember the core. Q: What is deceberate posturing? Answer: all 4 extremities in rigid extension; extensor -more serious -hyperpronation of forearms and plantar flexion of feet Q: what is a herniation? Answer: Displacement of brain tissue due to mass effect or increased intracranial pressure - a feared complication of increased ICP - involved the displacement of train tissue Q: what is the pathogenesis/etiology of spinal cord injury (SCI)? Answer: 1. direct injury to spinal cord causing compression from accumulation of blood/fluid 2. indirect via damage to bones, tissues or blood vessels 3. accidents, trauma, weakened vertebral structures (RA/osteoporosis) Q: what are the clinical manifestations of of spinal cord injury (SCI)? Answer: depends on the level of injury 1. quadriplegia --> affects all 4 limbs 2. paraplegia --> loss of lower extremity function 3. paralysis --> no voluntary use of affected limb Q: what are complications associated with of spinal cord injury (SCI)? (secondary injuries)?