N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Inflammation and Altered Immunity Core Knowledge Objectives with Advanced Organizers

N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Inflammation and Altered Immunity Core Knowledge Objectives with Advanced Organizers Inflammation 1. Examine the process of inflammation. a. Analyze the role and function of the key players in the inflammatory process and describe the implications for clinical practice. Key Player Role and Function Mast Cell - Central cells of inflammation and release histamine, chemotactic factors, cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, growth factors, and other mediators. - Located in large numbers near areas exposed to environment like skin, GI tract and respiratory tract. - Stimuli that activates mast cells- physical injury (heat, medical trauma, UV light, xrays), chemical agents (toxins, venoms, antimicrobial peptides), immunologic means (IgE produced by cells in adaptive immunity), activation of TLRs by bacteria and viruses. Histamine - A vasoactive amine that causes rapid constriction of large vessel walls, dilate postcapillary venules→ increased blood flow. - Histamines also cause increased vascular membrane permeability. - 4 types of histamine receptors that are found all over the body (H1, H2, H3, H4). - H1 promotes inflammation. Many are located in smooth muscle in bronchi. When stimulated → bronchoconstriction. - H2 promotes anti-inflammatory response. Many are located in stomach → secretion of gastric acid Cytokines - Molecules that diffuse short distances and regulate the inflammatory response and include interleukins (IL), interferons (IFNs), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). - ILs are biochemical messengers primarily produced by macrophages and lymphocytes and that help regulate the inflammatory response significantly. - - IFNs provide protection from viral infection in uninfected cells. - TNF- a- is primarily produced by macrophages and promotes inflammation with both local and systemic effects. - They are either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. - Actions can be pleiotropic (produce a wide variety of actions depending on the target cell it binds to), synergistic, or antagonistic. Leukotrienes - Lipid derived product