Multiple Sclerosis NCLEX questions with complete solution graded A+

Select all the TRUE statements about the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis:* A. "The dendrites on the neuron are overstimulated leading to the destruction of the axon." B. "The myelin sheath, which is made up of Schwann cells, is damaged along the axon." C. "This disease affects the insulating structure found on the neuron in the central nervous system." D. "The dopaminergic neurons in the part of the brain called substantia nigra have started to die." - The answers are B and C. In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheath (which is the insulating and protective structure made up of Schwann cells that protects the axon) is damaged. MS affects the CNS (central nervous system) and when the myelin sheath becomes damaged it leads to a decrease in nerve transmission. True or False: Multiple Sclerosis tends to affect men more than women and occurs during the ages of 50- 70 years. - False: MS affects WOMEN more than men and shows up during the ages of 20-40 years True or False: Patients with multiple sclerosis have different signs and symptoms because this disease can affect various areas of the peripheral nervous system. - False: Yes, patients with MS have different signs and symptoms because lesions can present at different locations in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM....hence the brain and spinal cord (not the peripheral nervous system). A patient is suspected of having multiple sclerosis. The neurologist orders various test. The patient's MRI results are back and show lesions on the cerebellum and optic nerve. What signs and symptoms below would correlate with this MRI finding in a patient with multiple sclerosis? A. Blurry vision B. Pain when moving eyes C. Dysarthria- Slurred speech D. Balance and coordination issuesE. "Pill rolling" of fingers and hands G. Heat intolerance H. Dark spots in vision I. Ptosis- Drooping eye - The answers are A, B C, D, and H. If lesions are present on the optic nerves, optic neuritis can occurs which can lead to blurry vision, pain when moving the eyes, and dark spots in the vision. If cerebellar lesions are found, this can affect movement, speech, and some cognitive abilities. This would present as dysarthria (issues articulating words), and balance/coordination issues. "Pill rolling" of the fingers and hands is found in Parkinson's disease. Ptosis is common in myasthenia gravis, and heat intolerance in thyroid issues.