NBME CBSE ACTUAL TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS(Quiz bank with all the correct answers)(usmle step 1)Medical examination

NBME CBSE ACTUAL TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS(Quiz bank with all the correct answers)(usmle step 1)Medical examination Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER_surfactant (*lecithin*) Proliferate after injury Type I progenitors *Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome* Type II pneumocytes - ANSWER_surfactant (*lecithin*) Proliferate after injury Type I progenitors *Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome* Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER_Killed = Salk = IgG Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA - can be shed in feces Polio live v killed vaccine - ANSWER_Killed = Salk = IgG Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA - can be shed in feces Neonatal Respiratory Distress: Etiology + Tx - ANSWER_Maternal DM (*high insulin*) or C-section (*low cortisol*) TX: *dexamethasone* before birth Neonatal Respiratory Distress: Etiology + Tx - ANSWER_Maternal DM (*high insulin*) or C-section (*low cortisol*) TX: *dexamethasone* before birth Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER_Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes) L >> S Lung maturity determined with - ANSWER_Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes) L >> S Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER_Squamous gas diffusion Type I pneumocytes - ANSWER_Squamous gas diffusion Elastase in lungs - ANSWER_macrophage: *lysosomes* PMN: *azuronphilic granules* Elastase in lungs - ANSWER_macrophage: *lysosomes* PMN: *azuronphilic granules* Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER_Lysine interchain crosslinks Elastin stretches and recoils due to - ANSWER_Lysine interchain crosslinks air pressure and intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER_Air pressure = 0 Intrapleural pressure = -5 air pressure and intrapleural pressure at FRC - ANSWER_Air pressure = 0 Intrapleural pressure = -5 Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER_Exhale of Tidal Volume Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ANSWER_Exhale of Tidal Volume Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER_LHF, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis Lung Compliance is decreased by - ANSWER_LHF, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER_emphysema, age Lung Compliance is increased by - ANSWER_emphysema, age Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER_DECREASE ERV & FRC Obesity affects ERV and FRC - ANSWER_DECREASE ERV & FRC Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER_pulmonary = systemic Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ANSWER_pulmonary = systemic Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER_Bronchial circulation causes *decreased PO2 in LA/LV* than in pulmonary capillaries Anatomic pulmonary shunting - ANSWER_Bronchial circulation causes *decreased PO2 in LA/LV* than in pulmonary capillaries More ventilation is at the - ANSWER_BASE More ventilation is at the - ANSWER_BASE O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER_basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis) O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - ANSWER_basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis) O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER_low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T HOT, ACIDIC O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ANSWER_low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T HOT, ACIDIC CO2 transport to lungs - ANSWER_*carbonic anhydrase* Cl shift *Haldane*: CO2 released to lung (*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue) CO2 transport to lungs - ANSWER_*carbonic anhydrase* Cl shift *Haldane*: CO2 released to lung (*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue) CO poisoning causes - ANSWER_carboxyhemoglobin no affect on PaO2 CO poisoning causes - ANSWER_carboxyhemoglobin no affect on PaO2 Cyanide poisoning causes - ANSWER_lactic acidosis Cyanide poisoning causes - ANSWER_lactic acidosis How to treat cyanide poisoning - ANSWER_*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin) How to treat cyanide poisoning - ANSWER_*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin) Normal A-a gradient - ANSWER_5-15 Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude Normal A-a gradient - ANSWER_5-15 Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude Increased A-a gradient - ANSWER_*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis) *R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS) *V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema Increased A-a gradient - ANSWER_*Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis) *R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS) *V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema