Test Bank Porth Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States 2nd Canadian Edition

Test Bank Porth Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States 2nd Canadian Edition Table of Contents Chapter 01: Concepts of Health and Disease ...................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 02: Concepts of Altered Health in Children ........................................................................................... 13 Chapter 03: Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults ..................................................................................... 18 Chapter 04: Cell and Tissue Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 05: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death ............................................................................................ 25 Chapter 06: Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance ............................................................................ 29 Chapter 07: Genetic and Congenital Disorders .................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 08: Neoplasia ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 09: Stress and Adaptation .................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 10: Alterations in Temperature Regulation ........................................................................................... 50 Chapter 11: Activity Tolerance and Fatigue ....................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 12: Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System .................................................................................... 64 Chapter 13: Disorders of Hemostasis ................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter 14: Disorders of Red Blood Cells.......................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 15: Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues ................................................................... 76 Chapter 16: Mechanisms of Infectious Disease ................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 17: Innate and Adaptive Immunity ........................................................................................................ 84 Chapter 18: Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing .......................................................................... 87 Chapter 19: Disorders of the Immune Response ............................................................................................... 90 Chapter 20: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome .......................................................................................... 94 Chapter 21: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System .................................................................. 101 Chapter 22: Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation ..................................................................... 104 Chapter 23: Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation ....................................................................................... 108 Chapter 25: Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm .............................................................................. 120 Chapter 26: Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock ............................................................................................. 129 Chapter 27: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System ........................................................................ 132 Chapter 28: Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders ............................................. 136 Chapter 29: Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange ................................................................................. 140 Chapter 30: Structure and Function of the Kidney ............................................................................................ 144 Chapter 32: Disorders of Acid—Base Balance ................................................................................................. 152 Chapter 33: Disorders of Renal Function ......................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 34: Acute Renal Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease ........................................................................... 164 Chapter 35: Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract ........................................................................ 168 Chapter 36: Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System ................................................................. 172 Chapter 37: Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function .......................................................................................... 175 1 | P a g eChapter 38: Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function ........................................................ 179 Chapter 39: Alterations in Nutritional Status ..................................................................................................... 183 Chapter 40: Mechanisms of Endocrine Control ................................................................................................ 187 Chapter 41: Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism ........................................................... 191 Chapter 42: Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome ............................................................................ 194 Chapter 43: Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System ............................................................ 198 Chapter 44: Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System................................................................................. 202 Chapter 45: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System ........................................................ 210 Chapter 46: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System ............................................................................. 217 Chapter 47: Sexually Transmitted Infections .................................................................................................... 221 Chapter 48: Organization and Control of Neural Function ................................................................................ 224 Chapter 50: Disorders of Motor Function ......................................................................................................... 228 Chapter 51: Disorders of Brain Function .......................................................................................................... 238 Chapter 52: Sleep and Sleep Disorders ........................................................................................................... 242 Chapter 53: Disorders of Thought, Mood, and Memory.................................................................................... 245 Chapter 54: Disorders of Visual Function ......................................................................................................... 251 Chapter 55: Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function ............................................................................... 259 Chapter 56: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ................................................................. 267 Chapter 57: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Neoplasms.................................. 271 Chapter 58: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Developmental and Metabolic Disorders ......................... 274 Chapter 59: Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders ...................................................... 278 Chapter 60: Structure and Function of the Skin ................................................................................................ 286 Chapter 61: Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function ....................................................................................... 289 2 | P a g eChapter 01: Concepts of Health and Disease MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? a. b. c. d. An inherited disorder A combination of specific etiological factors An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment ANS: C REF: 6 2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the: a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness. b. c. d. signs and symptoms of a disease. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection. ANS: B REF: 6 3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the: a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode. b. c. d. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness. ANS: C REF: 7 4. Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease? a. Swelling of the knee 3 | P a g eb. Fever c. d. Pain in the neck Red rash on the face ANS: B REF: 6 5. Etiology is defined as the study of the: a. causes of a disease. b. c. d. course of a disease. expected complications of a disease. manifestations of a disease. ANS: A REF: 5 6. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as: a. hypertrophy. b. c. d. ANS: D REF: 8 7. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called: a. metaplasia. b. c. d. 4 | P a g e atrophy. dysplasia. hypertrophy. metaplasia. anaplasia. atrophy.ANS: C REF: 8 8. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called: a. apoptosis. b. c. d. ischemia. hypertrophy. necrosis. ANS: B REF: 9 9. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called: a. ischemia. b. c. d. ANS: D REF: 10 10. Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing: a. hypertrophy. b. c. d. ANS: A REF: 8 11. The term cancer refers to: a. dysplasia. atrophy. regeneration. gangrene. hypoxia. necrosis. dysplasia. 5 | P a g eb. hyperplasia. c. d. metaplasia. malignant neoplasm. ANS: D REF: 9 12. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer? a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells b. c. d. Ischemic damage to cells Liquefaction of necrotic tissue Preprogrammed cell self-destruction ANS: D REF: 9 13. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function. c. d. All types of cells die at the same rate. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death. ANS: B REF: 10 14. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where: a. cell proteins have been denatured. b. c. d. ANS: C REF: 10 6 | P a g e cell are liquefied by enzymes. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance. bacterial invasion has occurred.15. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of: a. an iatrogenic cause of cancer. b. c. d. a preventive measure. a precipitating factor. a predisposing condition. ANS: B REF: 6 16. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed: a. latent stage. b. d. predisposing factor. precipitating factor. ANS: D REF: 7 17. The term homeostasis refers to: a. the causative factors in a particular disease. b. c. d. ANS: B REF: 2 18. Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established? a. Symptoms b. c. 7 | P a g e Occurrence Manifestations maintenance of a stable internal environment. a condition that triggers an acute episode. a collection of signs and symptoms.d. Complication ANS: D REF: 7 19. Pathophysiology involves the study of: a. the structure of the human body. b. c. the functions of various organs in the body. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes. ANS: C REF: 2 20. Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology? a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases b. c. d. The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms The global search for emerging diseases ANS: A REF: 7 21. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death? 1. Hypoxia 2. Exposure to excessive cold 3. Excessive pressure on a tissue 4. Chemical toxins a. 1, 2 b. c. d. 8 | P a g e 2, 4 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4ANS: D REF: 9 22. All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT: a. follow cancer screening guidelines. b. c. d. use sun block agents whenever exposed. participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis. choose high fiber, lower fat foods. ANS: C REF: 2 23. The term disease refers to: a. the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state. b. c. d. a deviation from the normal state of health and function. the treatment measures used to promote recovery. a basic collection of signs and symptoms. ANS: B REF: 2 24. A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an): a. acute disease. b. c. d. multiorgan disorder. syndrome. manifestation. ANS: C REF: 7 25. All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT: a. The initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions. 9 | P a g eb. If the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to recover and return to its normal state. If the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes irreversible and the c c. d. dies. Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function. ANS: D REF: 9 26. Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research? Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the a. treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy. Both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the b. experimental therapy. The research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving c. placebo or standard therapy. d. Only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy. ANS: A REF: 3 | 4 27. If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called: a. the placebo effect. b. c. d. ANS: B REF: 4 28. A short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called: a. acute. 10 | P a g e evidence-based research. blind research studies. approval for immediate distribution.b. latent. c. d. chronic. manifestation. ANS: A REF: 6 29. The term prognosis refers to the: a. period of recovery and return to a normal state. b. c. d. ANS: B REF: 7 30. When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as: a. atrophy. b. c. d. ANS: D REF: 10 31. During the evaluation process for a new therapys effectiveness and safety, a double blind study may be conducted during: a. the first stage. c. d. 11 | P a g e the third stage. any of these stages. liquefactive necrosis. apoptosis. infarction. expected outcome of the disease. mortality and morbidity rates for a given population. typical collection of signs and symptoms.ANS: C REF: 3 32. Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals? a. To predict the prognosis b. c. d. To determine treatments To develop preventive measures To develop morbidity statistics ANS: C REF: 3 33. Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as: a. abnormal metabolic processes. b. c. d. certain food additives. genetic defects. localized hypoxia. ANS: B REF: 9 | 10 34. Which of the following is usually included in a medical history? 1. Past illnesses or surgeries 2. Current illnesses, acute and chronic 3. Prescribed medication or other treatments 4. Nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies a. 1, 3 b. c. d. 12 | P a g e 2, 4, 5 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ANS: D REF: 4 | 5 35. A situation when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area is called a/an: a. epidemic. b. c. d. exacerbation. morbidity. pandemic. ANS: A REF: 7 36. The term pathogenesis refers to: the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease a. b. c. d. process. the determination of the cause(s) involved in the development of a malignant neoplasm. the specific signs and symptoms involved in the change from an acute disease to a chronic disease. the changes in cells of affected tissue that result in necrosis. Chapter 02: Concepts of Altered Health in Children MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The biological changes associated with adolescence are stimulated primarily by: a. the peripheral nervous system. b. c. d. the thalamus. increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone. the pituitary gland. ANS: D REF: 592 2. What is a lateral curvature of the spine called? 13 | P a g ea. Lordosis b. c. d. ANS: C REF: 595 3. How is scoliosis identified? a. Kyphosis Scoliosis Kyphoscoliosis Bowed or hunched-over position of head and shoulders b. c. d. Unevenly aligned hips and shoulders A swayback posture One arm and leg shorter than the other ANS: B REF: 595 4. What are common local signs of osteomyelitis? a. Joint swelling, limited movement b. c. d. Deformity of a limb, pain at rest Fever, leukocytosis, and malaise A red, swollen area, pain increasing with movement ANS: D REF: 597 5. Which of the following comprise typical early signs of Stills disease, a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? 1. Presence of rheumatoid factor in the blood 2. High fever and skin rash 3. Swollen painful knees, wrists, and elbows 4. Deformity of the hands and feet 14 | P a g ea. 1, 3 b. c. d. ANS: C REF: 597 6. Which of the following might fluid and electrolyte deficits cause in a patient with anorexia nervosa? a. Cardiac arrhythmias b. c. d. Weight loss Dental caries and esophagitis Amenorrhea ANS: A REF: 598 7. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by: a. a refusal to eat. b. c. d. extreme weight loss. alternating binge eating and purging. chronic diarrhea. ANS: C REF: 598 8. Acne vulgaris can best be described as an infection involving the: a. sweat glands of the upper body. b. c. 15 | P a g e dermis and epidermis of the skin. apocrine glands. 1, 4 2, 3 2, 4d. sebaceous glands and hair follicles. ANS: D REF: 599 9. Infectious mononucleosis can be diagnosed by the presence of: a. sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy. b. c. d. abnormal lymphocytes and positive antibody test. the causative bacteria in the saliva. extreme fatigue and malaise. ANS: B REF: 599-600 10. Which statement applies to testicular cancer? b. It is related to chromosome abnormalities such as monosomy X. c. d. The tumor presents as a painful red lump in the scrotum. The cancer usually causes sterility. ANS: A REF: 600 11. An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation in the joints of children is: a. lordosis. b. c. d. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). osteomyelitis. metabolic syndrome. ANS: B REF: 597 12. Which of the following would confirm reduced normal linear growth during adolescence? a. Levels of androgens 16 | P a g eb. c. d. Abnormally thin epiphyseal plate seen on X-ray Lack of a broader pelvis in males Development of kyphosis ANS: B REF: 593 13. Obesity in adolescents is: a. determined by calculating body mass index (BMI). c. d. related to increased intake of high fat and high carbohydrate snacks, fast foods. All of the above ANS: D REF: 593-594 14. Three factors common to metabolic syndrome include: presence of significant abdominal fat mass, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein a. metabolism. b. increased fat mass throughout the body, changes in glucose metabolism, and delayed sexual maturation significant increase of fat on hips and thighs, delayed linear growth, and change in calcium and vitamin c. metabolism. d. BMI at the 85th percentile, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. ANS: A REF: 594 15. Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by all EXCEPT: a. sore throat, fever, fatigue, malaise, and rash on trunk. b. c. 17 | P a g e enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) and spleen (splenomegaly). increased occurrence in infants and young children.d. the presence of atypical T lymphocytes. Chapter 03: Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All of the following changes are associated with aging EXCEPT: a. c. d. loss of elastic fibers. decreased secretion of all hormones. degenerative vascular changes. ANS: C REF: 604 2. Predisposing factors to osteoporosis in older women include all of the following EXCEPT: a. decreased estrogen secretion. b. c. d. genetic factors. sedentary lifestyle. decreased parathyroid hormone. ANS: D REF: 606 3. Lung expansion in the elderly may be reduced because of decreased: 1. tissue elasticity. 2. rib mobility. 3. control by the respiratory center. 4. skeletal muscle strength. a. 1, 3 b. c. d. 18 | P a g e 1, 4 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 4ANS: D REF: 607 4. Vision in the elderly may be impaired when the eyeball becomes less elastic, thus preventing accommodation and resulting in: a. b. c. d. presbyopia. cataracts. glaucoma. damage to the retina. ANS: A REF: 608 5. What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly? a. Widespread vascular degeneration b. c. d. Cumulative exposure to carcinogens Hereditary factors Increased immune surveillance ANS: B REF: 609 6. Senescence refers to the period of time when: a. mitosis is accelerated. b. c. d. apoptosis is reduced. aging changes become apparent. cell death exceeds cell replacement. ANS: D REF: 603 7. Theories about the causes of aging include: b. wear and tear. 19 | P a g ec. altered protein (amyloid) accumulation. d. ANS: D REF: 604 8. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increasing life span of the general population? a. Reduced cognitive and social activities b. c. d. ANS: A REF: 603 9. The term given to the change that occurs in women at around age 50 with the cessation of the menstrual cycle is: a. menopause. b. c. d. ANS: A REF: 604 10. Recommendations to reduce the risk factors and the progression of osteoporosis with aging include: b. maintaining walking and weight-bearing exercise. c. d. increasing bone resorption. maintaining glucocorticoid therapy. ANS: B REF: 607 20 | P a g e dysmenorrhea. amenorrhea. menarche. Improved living conditions Better nutrition Advancements in health care All the above11. All are physiological changes that occur with aging EXCEPT: a. reduced skeletal muscle mass. b. c. d. degeneration of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs in the spine. increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). reduced bladder capacity and incomplete bladder emptying. ANS: C REF: 607 | 609 12. With advancing age, the major change in the cardiovascular system involves: a. irregular impulse conduction in the heart. b. c. d. a reduced number of collagen fibers to support cardiac muscle. vascular degeneration, leading to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. the heart valves becoming thin and weak. ANS: C REF: 605 13. Which of the following factors lead to delayed wound healing in the elderly? 1. Reduced rate of mitosis 2. Inadequate circulation 3. High risk of infection 4. More effective immune system a. b. c. d. 1, 2 1, 3 2, 4 1, 2, 3 ANS: D REF: 609 14. Which of the following may develop in an elderly patient who has several medical problems 21 | P a g eand is markedly obese? a. Osteoarthritis and cardiovascular complications b. c. d. Decreased activity and diabetes mellitus Undesirable interactions with multiple prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) medications A, B, and C Chapter 04: Cell and Tissue Characteristics 1. The nucleus , which is essential for function and survival of the cell. A) B) C) D) 2. A) B) C) D) 3. A) B) C) D) 4. A) B) C) 5. A) B) C) 22 | P a g e they: contain RNA for protein synthesis. utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy. extract energy from organic compounds. store calcium bonds for muscle contractions. Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by: bound and transmembrane proteins. complex, long carbohydrate chains. surface antigens and hormone receptors. a gating system of selective ion channels. To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes chemical messenger systems that: displace surface receptor proteins. accumulate within cell gap to contractile microfilaments. release secretions into extracellular fluid. Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy by: removing the phosphate bonds from ATP. combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water. activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm. is the site of protein synthesis contains the genetic code transforms cellular energy initiates aerobic metabolism Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power plants of the cell becauseD) 6. A) B) C) D) 7. A) B) C) D) 8. A) B) C) D) 9. A) B) C) D) breaking down glucose to form lactic acid. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances Destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion into the extracellular fluid. The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is: diffusion of current-carrying ions. millivoltage of electrical potential. polarization of charged particles. ion channel neurotransmission. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of layers. Which of following is a correctly matched description and type of epithelial tissue? Simple epithelium: cells in contact with intercellular matrix; some do not extend to surface Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on basement membrane Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; deepest layer rests on basement membran Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that are responsible for: providing a fibrous framework for capillaries. synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscles. filling spaces between tissues to keep organs in place. Although all muscle tissue cells have some similarities, smooth muscle (also known as involuntary 10. muscle) differs by: A) B) C) D) 11. A) B) C) D) 12. 23 | P a g e having dense bodies attached to actin filaments. containing sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands. having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations. contracting in response to increased intracellular calcium. Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRN Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs Regulating and controlling protein synthesis Breakdown and removal of foreign substances and worn-out cell parts are performed by which of th following organelles?A) B) C) D) Lysosomes Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 13. A) B) C) D) Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in: inadequate sites for protein synthesis. an inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane. insufficient energy production within a cell. accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm. After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility testing. Semen analysis indicates that the mans sperm have decreased motility, a finding that is thought to underlie the coup inability to become pregnant. Which of the following cellular components may be defective within 14. mans sperm? A) B) C) D) 15. A) B) C) D) 16. A) B) C) D) 17. A) B) C) D) 18. A) 24 | P a g e Ribosomes Microtubules Mitochondria Microfilaments Which of the following statements is true of glycolysis? Glycolysis requires oxygen. Glycolysis occurs in cells without mitochondria. Glycolysis provides the majority of the bodys energy needs. Glycolysis produces energy, water, and carbon dioxide. Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy? Facilitated diffusion Passive transport Vesicular transport Simple diffusion A male patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because h lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes. Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the following processes would best allow glucose to cross his cell membranes? Facilitated diffusion Simple diffusion Secondary active transport Endocytosis Which of the following statements is true of skeletal muscle cells? Skeletal muscle cells each have an apical, lateral, and basal surface.B) C) D) They are closely apposed and are joined by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules. Their basal surface is attached to a basement membrane.