microbiology final straighter line 2023 with complete solution

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ______. - correct answer hylogeny The three cell types discussed, eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria, all derived from ______. - correct answer Last Universal Common Ancestor Organisms called parasites are ______. - correct answer always harmful to their host Which of the following does not indicate microbe involvement in energy and nutrient flow? - correct answer Thermal hot springs warmed by heat from earth's interior The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the ______. - correct answer Electrons The number one worldwide infectious diseases are ______. - correct answer respiratory disease A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. - correct answer saturated One technique for staining bacteria for viewing under the microscope is called the Gram stain. In this technique, alcohol is used as a decolorizer because it degrades the outer membrane found in some bacteria. What chemical component of the cell does alcohol affect? - correct answerlipid If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is the magnifying power of the objective lens if the ocular lens is 10X? - correct answer95X NASA has published a list of criteria for identifying fossil bacteria in samples from Mars, as part of a search for evidence of life. Which of the following is good evidence for the presence of bacterial cells? - correct answercell size of 0.5 to 2 microns Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification? - correct answerelectron Which of the following is produced by adding 1% to 5% agar to nutrient broth that is then boiled and cooled? - correct answera solid medium a spongiform encephalopathy of humans - correct answerCreutzfeldt-Jacob disease The term that refers to flagella at both poles of the cell is ______. - correct answeramphitrichous In the condition called athlete's foot, the fungus Trichophyton consumes the keratin protein found in hair, nails, and dead skin. Which of the following descriptors does not apply to Trichophyton? - correct answersaprobe During the Gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ cells. - correct answergram-negative The size of a eukaryotic ribosome is ______ - correct answer80s Sterilizing filters have a pore size of 0.22 μm. Which of the following statements is true? - correct answerBacterial cells are typically between 1-10 μm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and therefore pass through. One of the principal viral capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a/an _____ capsid. - correct answericosahedral Amoebic dysentery is most commonly contracted through - correct answerfecal oral the viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome - correct answerlysogeny Which of the following is not associated with every virus? - correct answerenvelope When bacilli in a chain fold back upon each other like a hinge, this cellular arrangement is termed a ______. - correct answerpalisade proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus. - correct answerhistones Viral tissue specificities are called ______. - correct answertropisms the term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from a single site is ______. - correct answerlophotrichous E. coli bacteria normally live in the human gut and produce vitamin K that the body uses. This is best termed a ______ relationship. - correct answermutualistic Termites are insects that require the protozoan Trichonympha in their gut to synthesize the enzyme cellulase to degrade the cellulose in wood. The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown (glucose). This is a(n) ______ relationship. - correct answermutualistic The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing at an exponential rate, is the ______. - correct answerlag phase The cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting in ______ conditions. - correct answerhypotonic This microbe is photosynthetic, but in the absence of light it can use organic compounds as an energy source. Its carbon source is an organic compound. The appropriate classification for this organism would be ______. - correct answerphotoheterotroph A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37°C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a(n) ______. - correct answerthermoduric microbe the end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site - correct answerNoncompetitive inhibition Ribozymes are ______. - correct answercatalysts for RNA splicing Most electron carriers are ______. - correct answercoenzymes what is the usual net production of ATP? - correct answer2 Exergonic reactions occur during - correct answeraerobic cellular respiration Each nucleotide is composed of - correct answerone phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar A frameshift is caused by ______ mutations. - correct answerdeletion and insertion The fields of genomics and proteomics differ in that - correct answergenomics refers to the study of an organism's entire genome, whereas proteomics is the study of expressed proteins endosymbiotic theory - correct answereukaryotes Replication of DNA begins at a/an _______ rich area. - correct answeradenine-thymine A/an _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. - correct answercapsid The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called ______. - correct answerhyphae in which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced? - correct answerthe electron transport system A bacteriophage transfers a random fragment of DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of - correct answergeneralized transduction Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis? - correct answercapsule Okazaki fragments are attached to the growing end of the lagging strand by _______. - correct answerDNA ligase Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms? - correct answertaxonomy Microorganisms require small quantities of ______ for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure. - correct answertrace elements Viruses attach to their hosts via ______. - correct answerhost glycoproteins Which type of microscope shows cells against a white background? - correct answerbright-field The light-harvesting units in the thylakoid membranes are the ______. - correct answerphotosystems Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called ______. - correct answerviroids The process of sporangium formation and endospore maturation requires 6-8 hours. What is most likely to result if the temperature of the environment was raised to 100°C about 2 hours after the process started? - correct answerThe endospore would not form properly because it is not yet heat resistant An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) ______. - correct answerobligate anaerobe A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. - correct answersaturated A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is ______. - correct answermycobacterium Microorganisms require large quantities of ______ for use in cell structure and metabolism. - correct answermacronutrients Starch is the primary storage food for all of the following except ______. - correct answeranimals Mycobacterium and Nocardia are different from most gram-positive bacteria in that their cell walls - correct answercontain unique, waxy lipids A pure culture contains - correct answeronly one identified species of microorganism Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella because only eukaryotic flagella - correct answercontain microtubules Basic dyes are - correct answerattracted to the acidic surface of bacterial cells A protozoan having a flagellum would be classified in the genus ______. - correct answerTrypanosoma The most serious type of mutation is a ______ mutation. - correct answerframeshift Eukaryotic cells are larger than bacterial or archaeal cells; all cells are larger than macromolecules. Where do viruses fit on this scale? - correct answerViruses are smaller than bacterial or archaeal cells, but larger than macromolecules. FAD, NADP, NAD, and coenzyme A are all carriers of ________. - correct answerhydrogens and electrons During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis? - correct answerprimary The alcohol wipe used on a patient's skin before an injection is an example of ______. - correct answerantisepsis The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where - correct answerstem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins? - correct answerinterferon The suffix -osis means ______. - correct answera disease or morbid process A direct immunofluorescence test involves a(n) - correct answerknown antibody binding to an unknown antigen Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/an ______ - correct answerintoxication Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category(ies) - correct answertype 1 only A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ______ - correct answerallergic rhinitis Which of the following statements does not represent the role of a cell marker in the third line of defense? - correct answerThey serve as transcription factors to initiate antibody production. A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is ______. - correct answerclavulanic acid Mebendazole, thiabendazole, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat _____ infections. - correct answerhelminthic Selective toxicity refers to damage to - correct answerthe target organisms but not vertebrate cells. Considering the diseases and conditions described in this chapter, those transmitted by respiratory droplets are caused by ______. - correct answerviruses The organism responsible for the majority of neonatal meningitis is ______. - correct answerStreptococcus agalactiae Poliovirus initially multiplies in the ______. - correct answerlymphoid tissue Your friend was bitten by an aggressive dog with a history of biting without cause, and it is suspected to have rabies. The city health department recommends the rabies vaccination, even though she has already been exposed to the infectious agent. Which statement best describes why the vaccine can be given post-exposure? - correct answerThe virus exhibits a long incubation period, and therefore, in many cases, this provides the vaccine adequate time to have a protective effect in the patient Anthrax is not routinely diagnosed in the U.S. because - correct answerit is a rare disease Infection travels to the middle ear by way of the ______. - correct answereustachian (auditory) tubes Which of the following statements regarding Campylobacter jejuni is incorrect? - correct answerit infects the stomach Which of the following is not a helminth that causes intestinal symptoms accompanied by migratory symptoms? - correct answerTrichuris trichiura Leptospirosis - correct answercan be contracted by the environment Why are waterlogged soils often infertile? - correct answerNitrifying bacteria require oxygen, and the excess water takes the place of oxygen-containing air. Methane is a significant part of the carbon cycle in ______ environments dominated by methanogens. - correct answeranaerobic The advantage of nitrogen fixation to the host plant is - correct answerthe ability to synthesize amino acids and proteins from the ammonia produced. The difference between water purification and sewage treatment is - correct answerthere is microbial degradation in sewage treatment, but not in water purification. Which of the following is not a step in the mass production of an organic substrate in a fermentor? - correct answerAdd enzymes to catalyze all required steps in the process All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except - correct answerguanine pairs with uracil The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur through the process of ________ - correct answerspecialized transduction A bacteriophage transfers a random fragment of DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of - correct answergeneralized transduction Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are ______. - correct answerpalindromes What type of DNA map is most detailed? - correct answersequence In choosing the vector used to carry human genes into a host cell, which of the following should be the important consideration? - correct answerHow much donor DNA can be carried on the vector DNA strands can begin to separate at the temperature of ______. - correct answer90C The first surgical antiseptic to be used was - correct answerphenol A new microbe has been discovered in the rumen of sheep. Microscopy shows no evidence of a nuclear membrane and biochemical studies of the cell wall demonstrate the lack of peptidoglycan. Metabolic studies show that this microbe generates methane. This microbe would most likely be classified in the: - correct answerdomain archaea Regions of a specimen with higher electron density scatter ___________ electrons and, therefore, appear __________ in the image projected onto the screen of a transmission electron microscope. - correct answermore; darker A wide variety of microorganisms are commercially used to manufacture _________ for human consumption. - correct answervitamins Elements that are required in relatively large amounts by microorganisms are called - correct answermacronutrients You are working with a newly described microorganism that has flagella that are solid, 10 nm in diameter, and composed of more than one type of flagellin subunit. Based on the type of flagella, which type of organism is this? - correct answerarchaea External structures that are found in Archaea but not Bacteria are ________ - correct answerhami The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the - correct answerthylakoid membrane A drug, colchicine, can be added to cells in culture and it stops the polymerization of microtubules. What effect would this have on mitosis? - correct answerIt would slow or block mitosis by interfering with the spindle apparatus function Two major types of symmetry found in viruses include - correct answericosahedral and helical. Agar is an excellent solidifying agent for microbiological media because - correct answerit is not degraded by most microorganisms and solid agar remains solid until the temperature is raised to 90°C, and liquid agar remains liquid if the temperature is lowered to 45°C are correct. Metabolic channeling involves the localization of __________ in different parts of a cell in order to influence the activity of metabolic pathways. - correct answersubstrates and enzymes Which of the following is the major glycolytic pathway used by plants and animals? - correct answerEmbden-Meyerhof pathway Because bacterial LPS is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, a specialized transporting system, _____, is required for membrane transport and insertion - correct answerLpt Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called ______. - correct answeranabolism Why did scientists originally believe that proteins, rather than DNA, were the molecules that directed protein synthesis? - correct answerproteins were more complex Which of the following is not a regulatory mechanism used to control the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli? - correct answerCatabolite repression The genetic code is translated in groups of __________ bases. - correct answerthree The chromosomes of most bacteria are comprised of - correct answerdouble-stranded circular molecules. In order to add a single amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, a grand total of __________ molecules or ATP or GTP are utilized. - correct answerthree The analysis of genetic relatedness by observing the DNA fragmentation patterns resulting from restriction endonuclease cleavage is referred to as ______. - correct answergenetic fingerprinting The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature. - correct answermelting Which of the following is found in the intestine of termites and produces enzymes needed to digest wood particles - correct answerTrichonymphida A cyst formed by a protist functions - correct answeras a protective mechanism against adverse changes in the environment and in transfer from one host to the next. If plants originated from an organism like Chlamydomonas, then the origin of plants involved the loss of - correct answerflagella The fungus used in the production of saki and soy sauce is _________. - correct answerAspergillus oryzae The primary ecological function of fungi is that of __________. - correct answerdecomposer Which of the following organisms is responsible for "sick building syndrome?" - correct answerStachybotrys chartarum If a single stranded RNA virus contains genomic RNA that is complementary to the mRNA that it produces, what type of virus is this categorized as? - correct answerMinus Strand or Negative Strand is acceptable. A bacteriophage that can integrate its genome into the host chromosome and not cause lysis of the host cell is said to be ________. - correct answertemperate In which of the following stages of the viral infectious cycle do enveloped viruses usually acquire their envelopes? - correct answerrelease Rigid bacteria with a helical cell shape are called - correct answerspirilla The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the use of a carrier molecule embedded in the membrane is called - correct answerfacilitated diffusion A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may - correct answerconsist of a lipid monolayer. The food vacuoles and phagocytic vacuoles are most similar to - correct answerlysosomes A newly discovered unicellular microbe has a nucleus containing linear chromosomes and surrounded by a membrane. It has mitochondria, 80s ribosomes, and is covered by cilia. There is no cell wall external to the plasma membrane. This organism most likely would be a/an - correct answerprotozoan The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the - correct answerthylakoid membrane. virion size ranges from - correct answer10-400 nm. Which of the following encodes its own capsid proteins? - correct answerSatellite virus Which of the following apicomplexan genera cause coccidiosis in chickens? - correct answerEimeria The cellulase-excreting protist that can account for up to one-third of the biomass of a termite is a member of the genus - correct answerTrichonympha Sexual reproduction in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum involves the production of special spores called - correct answermacro cysts The simultaneous use of both organic and inorganic forms of carbon is called _______________ - correct answermixotrophy What group of fungi is largely responsible for the reduction in amphibian populations worldwide? - correct answerChytridomycetes What is unique about reverse transcriptase that makes it different from other DNA polymerases? - correct answerIt lacks normal proofreading ability leading to many errors during replication.