Path to Field Tech I and II (to advance to FT III) Questions and Answers 2023

Path to Field Tech I and II (to advance to FT III) Questions and Answers 2023 What is one reason why broadband cable operators install fiber-optic cable in stages instead of changing the infrastructure all at once? HFC network architectures have been developed to enable broadband cable operators to make a gradual, or staged, transition to an all fiber-optic cable infrastructure. Which fiber-to-the-x topology has amplifiers in the coaxial cable portion of the network? Additional RF amplifiers may be in the coaxial cable portion of the fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) topology to maintain proper amplitude levels of the RF signal throughout the serving area. What topology is used in passive optical network (PON) architectures? Passive optical network (PON) architectures use fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) topologies to make point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connections between the broadband cable headend and the customer premises. What are the three categories of fiber-optic cable in a PON? The fiber-optic cable in a PON is placed in one of three categories, trunk, branch, and drop, to identify the cable's location in the network What variations of the star topology are used in PONs? Centralized split, distributed star, and home-run are variations of the star topology used in PONs. What does the radio frequency over glass (RFoG) architecture provide as envisioned by broadband cable operators? RFoG was envisioned to provide operators with the time to make a seamless transition from the legacy hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) architecture over to gigabit PON (GPON) or Ethernet PON (EPON). What are the three primary elements of a PON? Using terminology from the telephone industry, the main elements of a PON are the optical line terminal (OLT), the optical distribution network (ODN), and the optical network unit (ONU). In FTTx networks, what is required to power ONTs at the customer premises? AC power must be provided at the customer premises in the case of RFoG installations to power the ONT. What are optical splitters? Optical splitters are passive branching devices that divide an optical signal across a number of output ports in the forward direction, and combine multiple signals onto a common optical fiber in the return direction. Why can FTTx applications be more susceptible to the adverse effects of macro- and microbends bends than typical transmission applications? FTTx standards use some wavelengths that are longer than typical transmission wavelengths, and are therefore more susceptible to the adverse effects of macro- and microbends. What is the smallest allowable bend radius for G.652 standard single-mode fiber? The smallest allowable bend radius for G.652 standard single-mode fiber is 30 mm. Why is it standard industry practice to use pigtail splicing as the preferred method of terminating single-mode fiber? It is standard industry practice to use pigtail splicing as the preferred method of terminating single-mode fiber because it is faster and more reliable than installing connectors in the field. What percentage of fiber-optic trouble in the outside plant is caused by people, and what percentage by natural causes? Statistically, about 75% of fiber-optic troubles in the outside plant are caused by people, almost all occurring during construction or maintenance activities on or near the cable right-of-way. About 25% of trouble is due to natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes. What are some potential problems in overhead, or aerial, cable installations? Potential problems in overhead installations include lightning, falling trees and branches, automobile accidents, fire, pole attachment problems, and gunshot and vandal damage. What are some potential problems in underground cable installations? Potential problems in underground installations include dig-ups, rodents, ice, improper backfilling, washouts, and landslides. What equipment should the well-equipped technician have to troubleshoot a fiber-optic system effectively and efficiently? The well-equipped technician should have a fiber-optic cleaning kit, an optical inspection microscope, an optical power meter, a stabilized light source or an optical loss test set, a visible laser, and an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to effectively and efficiently troubleshoot a fiber-optic system and identify and locate the trouble. What test equipment would the technician use to identify and locate a localized fiber attenuation problem? An optical power meter, OTDR, or visible laser could be used to identify and locate a localized fiber attenuation problem. What is unique about FTTx testing using the optical power meter? Wavelength-isolating optical power meters are designed to be operated in bi-directional FTTx applications to measure both upstream and downstream ITU-, IEEE-, and SCTE-specified wavelengths. What is one reason why broadband cable operators install fiber-optic cable in stages instead of changing the infrastructure all at once? Changing the infrastructure all at once would cause too many service disruptions. What is the difference between the fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) and fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC) topologies? An FTTC is allowed a smaller number of RF amplifiers between the optical fiber and the customer premises. Which of these components is used in a passive optical network (PON)? Optical splitters Which type of star topology used in a passive optical network (PON) places the PON splitters into fiber access terminal (FAT) located deep in the network and closer to the customer premises than the centralized split? Distributed star. Which element of a passive optical network (PON) uses a Bragg grating filter? Optical line terminal (OLT). Which element of a passive optical network (PON) uses patch panels? Optical distribution network (ODN). What is it about radio frequency over glass (RFoG) that made broadband cable operators envision using it to make a seamless transition from the legacy hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) architecture over to a gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) or Ethernet passive optical network (EPON)? RFoG can operate in parallel with GPON or EPON, which eliminates the need for any downtime during the transition. How are optical splitters used in the forward path? In the forward path, optical splitters are used as passive branching devices that divide an optical signal across multiple output fibers. Which of the following describes a fiber pigtail? Fiber-optic cable with pre-connectorized ends. Heat shrink tubing is installed over the fusion-splice to strengthen and protect it. When should the heat shrink be installed on the fiber? Before stripping the plastic coating from the fiber. What is the sum of each of the following pairs of signed numbers?(a) 4, -3 (b) -5, -10 (c) 3, 6 (4) + (-3) = 1 Find the difference of the following pairs of signed numbers by subtracting the second number from the first.(a) 17, -6 (b) -2, -4(c) 8, 15 (17) - (-6) = 23 Find the product of the following pairs of signed numbers.(a) (-4) × (8) =(b) (-17) × (-11) =(c) (3) × (6) = (-4) × (8) = -32 Find the quotient of the following pairs of signed numbers by dividing the first number by the second number.(a) ( -48) ÷ (8) =(b) (16) ÷ (4) =(c) (-84) ÷ (-6) = (a) ( -48) ÷ (8) = -6(b) (16) ÷ (4) = 4 Work the following problems.(a) (20) + (-17) + (-4) =(b) (-18) - (12) =(c) (-24) ÷ (-8) =(d) (28) - (4) × (-9) =(e) (50) + (-28) + (-8) =(f) (-20) + (16) × (-3) =(g) (-7) × (-8) + (9) × (-3) =(h) (-6) × (8) - (8) × (4) =(i) (-12) ÷ (6) + (-5) × (8) =(j) (6) ÷ (-3) + (-4) × (-4) - (-1) × (5) = (a) (20) + (-17) + (-4) = -1(b) (-18) - (12) = -30(c) (-24) ÷ (-8) = 3(d) (28) - (4) × (-9) = 64(e) (50) + (-28) + (-8) = 14(f) (-20) + (16) × (-3) = -68(g) (-7) × (-8) + (9) × (-3) = 29(h) (-6) × (8) - (8) × (4) = -80(i) (-12) ÷ (6) + (-5) × (8) = -42(j) (6) ÷ (-3) + (-4) × (-4) - (-1) × (5) = 19 Add the following common fractions and state the answer in each fraction's lowest term. 3⁄6 + 3⁄4 = 6⁄7 + 6⁄7 = 27⁄9 + 42⁄3 = (a) 3⁄6 + 3⁄4 = 6⁄12 + 9⁄12 = 13⁄12 = 11⁄4(b) 6⁄7 + 6⁄7 = 12⁄7 = 15⁄7(c) 27⁄9 + 42⁄3 = 25⁄9 + 14⁄3 = 25⁄9 + 42⁄9 = 67⁄9 + 74⁄9 Subtract the following common fractions and state the answer in the fraction's lowest term. 13⁄5 - 5⁄7 = 24⁄6 - 7⁄9 = 23⁄8 - 6⁄8 = (a) 13⁄5 - 5⁄7 = 8⁄5 - 5⁄7 = 56⁄35 - 25⁄35 = 31⁄35(b) 24⁄6 - 7⁄9 = 16⁄6 - 7/9 = 48⁄18 - 14⁄18 = 34⁄18 = 116⁄18 = 18⁄9 (c) 23⁄8 - 6⁄8 = 19⁄8 - 6⁄8 = 13⁄8 = 15⁄8 (-25) + (42) + (-62) + (20) = -25 (17) x (-19) = -323 (-17) - (-34) = 17 -49/-7 = 7 (20) / (-4) + (-2) x (-10) - (-2) x (7) = 29 3 6/9 + 6 1/3 + 9 5/9 = 19 5/9 4/7 x 9 4/11 = 5 27/77 7 3/8 divided by 7 1/4 = wrong answer = 2 1/8 8.13 X 0.123 = 0.99999 0.5349 divided by 0.1420 = 3. Define an equation. We define an equation as a mathematical statement in which two quantities are equal. To what basic principle does each axiom adhere? Each axiom adheres to the basic principle that whatever is done must be done to both sides of the equation. Moving a quantity or term from one side of the equal sign to the other side and changing its sign is called ______________. Moving a quantity or term from one side of the equal sign to the other side and changing its sign is called transposing. Which of the following are statements of true axioms? When A = C and B = C, then A = B because both are equal to C, which supports the axiom: Quantities equal to the same quantity are equal to each other. Simplify and solve the equation: If E = IR then I = ? E/R. The square of 7 = 49 The square root of 81 = 9 0.00004 = ______ x 10 to the power of ______. 4, -5 (83 x 106) + (27 x 107) = 353 x 106? 10 to the power of -3 has a metric prefix of ______. Milli (480 x 10 to the power of -5) divided by (60 x 10 to the power of -3) = 8 x 10 to the power of -2 (250 x 10 to the power of -6) - (7 x 10 to the power of -5) = 180 x 10 to the power of -6 (75 × 103) + (25 × 104) = 100 x 10^3 What would be a positive trait associated with being a good troubleshooter? There are several positive traits associated with being a good troubleshooter; among them are being helpful, loyal, analytical, persistent, and confident. What might a poor attitude, a poor self-image, or physical and mental exhaustion indicate? A poor attitude, poor self-image, or physical and mental exhaustion can indicate stress. What are three long-term practices that can help relieve stress? To alleviate stress, you can exercise daily, limit your caffeine intake, or develop a support system of friends and relatives. What are some techniques for managing stress? Tactics for avoiding and coping with stress overload include: focusing on restoring a positive sense of self; letting go of those things that make you feel bad or overwhelmed by writing them down; dividing tasks into small, bite-size pieces; mentally celebrating each task completion; practicing positive self-talk; noticing negative thoughts; and teaching others how to treat you. Progressive relaxation, using deep breathing and a positive attitude, are also helpful in managing stress. Visualization, meditation, taking a break, and exercising help to de-stress the mind and body and to restore emotional balance. What kind of obstacle to clear thinking is characterized by thinking about an entire group of people based on personal beliefs about or interactions with one person? Stereotypical thinking presumes that all members of a group have certain characteristics based on interactions with one member of that group. Describe the types of questions used in the five Ws method for note taking. Using the five Ws method of note taking, you might ask questions such as: Who reported the problem? What problem is being reported? When did the problem first occur? Where does the problem occur in the home? Why is the problem occurring?