Community Health NR442 exam 1 (over 140 Q&A's) Updated Summer 2023.

Community Health NR442 exam 1 (over 140 Q&A's) Updated Summer 2023. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the environment and health? a. Because of the large number of variables involved, the relationship between environment and health cannot be researched. b. Because the environment has such long-term effects on health, research findings are not yet available. c. Research shows that a healthy environment has limited impact on one's health. d. Research shows that a healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living. When using an environmental perspective, which of the following would be the most important question for a nurse to ask when assessing potential health problems? a. "Can you tell me how you have been feeling?" b. "Can you tell me what you do at work?" c. "What brings you here today?" d. "What problems have you been having?" How does critical theory differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief model or Orem's self-care deficit theory? a. Critical theory can be used by professionals other than nurses. b. Critical theory focuses on oppression and facilitates group action. c. Critical theory is not directly related to health promotion. d. Critical theory confronts changing an individual's beliefs. Which of the following statements best describe why environmental health is more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health? a. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups. b. Environmental health demands that individuals be willing to change their beliefs. c. Environmental health is dependent on social neighborhoods, as well as geography. d. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve. Which of the following nursing actions would be the most helpful to the community's long-term health? a. Careful assessment, diagnosis, planning, and giving care to individual patients and their families b. Dialogue with community members concerning what health issues are of importance in that community c. Focusing on family health through school-based neighborhood clinics d. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health? a. Environmental problems just are not interesting or dramatic. b. It's difficult to get media interested. c. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems. d. People respond more to an individual asking for help than a community asking for help. What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization? a. Risks of living style b. Risks in the built environment c. Personal health risks d. Modern day health risks What is meant by discriminatory land use? a. Backlash against companies that do not protect the environment b. Daily insults to people who live in a particular community c. Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities d. Political recognition that companies support a safe environment It has been learned that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood. Which of the following actions would most likely be taken by those living in the neighborhood? a. Band together to shut the industry down b. Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation c. Immediately move to a different neighborhood d. Seek legal reimbursement for the hazard exposure Which of the following statements supports why it is believed that the risks of various employment positions are inaccurate? a. Companies refuse to share employee injury information. b. Because factories reimburse employees directly, the injury is not reported. c. Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue. d. Most employment positions do not have known risks. Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry? a. Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems. b. Clean power would reduce the pollution that results from burning of high-sulfur coal. c. Manure runoff from industrial farming is polluting water and killing fish throughout the United States. d. Mass transit would remove the problem of so many Americans being killed or injured by drunken or impaired drivers. Which of the following statements best describes what has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed the use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride? a. Air quality immediately improved. b. Air quality is slowly improving. c. Little change occurred because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere. d. Nothing has happened because other countries worldwide continue to extensively use these products. Which of the following is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers? a. Secondhand smoke b. Living near a nuclear power plant c. Exposure to pesticides d. Radon gas Which of the following best describes a food desert? a. The inability to store foods at an acceptable temperature b. The inability to have healthy foods at home c. A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods d. A neighborhood that has experienced a recent food-borne illness Which of the following is a direct result of global warming? a. Decreased prevalence of infectious diseases b. Increased water pollution from soil erosion c. Decreased protection from the ozone layer d. Increased number of parasites and insects Which of the following conclusions can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution? a. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets priorities for environmental problems and funds action. b. Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding. c. Federal recycling mandates have decreased waste products. d. Legislation is increasingly being passed to force companies to lower toxic waste emissions. In a community presentation about asthma, a nurse explained the causes of asthma in children, how to observe for "triggers" that lead to an attack, and how to use an inhaler. Which of the following statements best identifies what was omitted from this presentation? a. The nurse did not ask the attendees to disclose if any of them smoke around children. b. The nurse did not address actions that should be taken to improve air quality and only focused on the treatment of asthma. c. The nurse did not address the need to avoid exposure to others who may have a communicable disease. d. The nurse did not review the genetic components related to asthma in families. The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. Which of the following actions should be taken by nurses in the local community? a. Hold a dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects b. Fight for stronger "do not trash" laws and harsher penalties c. Lecture community organizations about the value of safe water for recreation d. Put all personal trash in appropriate trash receptacles How does participatory action research differ from other research methods? a. Participatory action research does not use a control group. b. Participatory action research does not require randomization. c. Participatory action research is not based on a predetermined hypothesis. d. Participatory action research poses solutions to the problem. Which of the following strategies should a nurse use to remember what should be included in a health history? a. Always use a preprinted form b. Depend on education to learn this c. Depend on experience to know what to ask d. Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic e. Memorize the I HEALTH mnemonic Which of the following describe a problem with the U.S. water quality today? (Select all that apply.) a. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources. b. Many aquifers are contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers. c. More than 45 million Americans drink untreated water. d. Sediment from construction, agriculture, and deforestation is often present. e. Underground water, if contaminated, cannot be cleansed. f. Water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) frequently occur. Which of the following have been identified as part of the core environmental health competencies? (Select all that apply.) a. Assurance b. Assessment c. Policy development d. Management e. Advocacy f. Communication Which of the following best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care? a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care. b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system. c. Our national health care costs keep increasing. d. The new health care system offers free services to Americans. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this involvement important? a. Nurses, as central characters in several popular TV series, are currently very visible in American media. b. Nurses are primarily responsible for managing the various units in our health care system. c. Nurses are the largest group of health care providers. d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed? a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical centers. b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care. c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions. d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer relations. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis? a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace. b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice. c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility. d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020's emphasis on choosing healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices? a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of alcohol or drugs, is also needed. b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable. c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices. d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and environmental changes needed for well-being. What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients? a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available to clients b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help increase and expand the number of professionals available c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care What is the community health nursing definition of health? a. Health is a person's goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or wholeness. b. Health is an individual's physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in meeting daily existence. d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being. How does community health nursing define community? a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals d. Persons who form a group to resolve a common concern Which variable has a major influence on a community's health? a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.) d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community What change could most effectively lead to a longer life span in Americans? a. Parenting and sexual behavior classes in all public school systems b. Legislation restricting alcohol and drug use c. Notably reducing speed limits on all state and federal highways, and changing the age limit for driving to 21 years of age d. The belief that smoking is shameful and disgusting, as well as expensive, becoming the social norm What is the health issue causing the most concern in the United States today? a. Diabetes epidemic b. Increase in cardiac disease c. Increase in obesity d. Rise in cancer rates What factors are most responsible for the increasing length of life of Americans over the past 100 years? a. Better nutrition and family planning options b. Education concerning the need to reduce salt and fat in the diet c. Improved medical care, including exciting new technologies d. More efficient cancer screenings and early intervention Why would a public health nurse want to know about morbidity and mortality statistics on the local, state, and national level? a. To be able to share current trends in health problems with the community b. To be able to observe the community's statistics over time and compare the community with other communities c. To justify local budgets and the need for increased income from citizens d. To publicize current health issues and suggest appropriate actions to citizens How do public health efforts differ from medical efforts in improving the health of our citizens? a. Medical care providers autonomously choose appropriate interventions, whereas public health care providers must engage in whatever actions legislation requires. b. Medical care providers are self-employed or agency employed, whereas public health care providers are employed by and paid through the government. c. Medical care providers focus only on individuals, whereas public health care providers focus only on aggregates. d. Medical care providers focus on disease diagnosis and management, whereas public health care providers focus on health promotion and disease prevention. Which primary prevention would the school nurse choose to address the school's number of unwed pregnancies? a. Create a class on parenting for both the moms-to-be and the dads-to-be b. Convince the school board to allow sex education classes to include birth control measures c. Employ the moms-to-be as 1-hour-a-day employees in the school day care center for children born to school students d. Establish a class where all the unwed moms-to-be can learn infant care What would be the proper term for the action of the school health nurse arranging for all the students in the elementary school to receive H1N1 immunizations? a. Health education b. Secondary prevention c. Specific protection d. Tertiary prevention Which action would probably result in the largest change in health care outcomes for Americans? a. Establish large numbers of scholarships for education of nurses, physicians, and other health care providers b. Fund a one-time extremely large stimulus to allow all health care providers and agencies to create and integrate computer network systems for client health care records c. Increase funding for hospitals and medical centers to expand their neighborhood clinics d. Redirect a large portion of federal funding from acute care to health promotion activities Which task will be most helpful in meeting the public health agency's goals? a. Complete staff evaluations in preparation for individual meetings to plan their agency and individual goals for the next year b. Actively participate in community agencies' collaborative action plan to meet the community's health goals for the year c. Meet with the college of nursing faculty to finalize student objectives and schedules for the next semester d. Teach a free course in healthful living for community residents A community health nurse is overwhelmed with all that needs to be done in one day. Which task could most easily be postponed? a. Reviewing the most recent hospital patient data collected by the local college of nursing b. Deciding which of several possible new clinic options would be most effective in better meeting the needs of the local community c. Evaluating the results of the most recent community-wide screening program before planning for the next community health program d. Giving testimony to the state legislature on a new health and safety bill A nurse who works on the surgical unit at the local hospital was asked by the home health unit to make a home visit to a patient who had been discharged the previous day and to give follow-up care (for overload pay). What kind of nursing would this nurse be doing? a. Acute care hospital nursing b. Community-based nursing c. Community health nursing d. Public health nursing Which task is most crucial for the community health nurse to do well? a. Review the most recent morbidity and mortality data b. Create a new clinic to better meet local health needs c. Evaluate the results of the recent screening program d. Give testimony regarding proposed state health legislation A new public health nurse carefully assessed all the local mortality and morbidity data in preparation for making appropriate planning suggestions at a meeting next week. What other action is crucial before the nurse can feel prepared? a. Ask other nursing staff their perceptions of the community's needs b. Assess the nurse's own assets, strengths, and ability to contribute c. Meet members of the community to determine their culture and values d. Review discussions and decisions from previous meetings A nurse works hard to develop alliances among various community organizations toward improving health in the community. What are actions such as this called? a. Building coalitions b. Collaboration c. Communication d. Community cooperation After completing a master's degree, a nurse took a course in marketing. Should the agency reimburse the nurse's tuition costs? a. No, courses taken for personal enjoyment are not eligible. b. No, courses taken outside the professional's responsibilities are not eligible. c. Yes, the nurse is demonstrating professional commitment by continuing education. d. Yes, the nurse could use such information in social marketing for the agency. 26. Which factor is most responsible for differences in an individual's health? a. Culture of the majority of the community's citizens b. Individual's education and income c. Number of physicians and other health care providers in the community d. Quality of the community health agency and hospital in the community What are the leading health indicators found in Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.) a. Financial issues b. Health system issues c. Individual behaviors d. Issues related to legal and illegal immigration e. Legislative issues f. Physical and social environmental factors ,c,f What historically have been public health nurses' two most important priorities? (Select all that apply.) a. Establishing school nursing to improve care of children b. Engaging in political activity to improve living conditions c. Giving superb clinical bedside care in the home d. Increasing funding to public health efforts e. Teaching family members how to care for their family f. Working with the community to confront health issues and poverty ,f As in Healthy People 2010, what are the two primary goals of Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.) a. Eliminate health disparities b. Expand health promotion activities in every community c. Improve funding, including diverting funds from other priorities to health care d. Improve health outcomes measures to be more consistent with other developed nations' outcomes e. Increase quality and years of healthy life f. Reduce mortality and morbidity figures nationwide ,e Which of the following best describes the first measures used by large communities to ensure community health? a. Building safe sewage disposal systems b. Healthy food choices and exercise c. Praying to the gods for preservation d. Use of medicine and other herbal remedies A nurse has determined that there is always a consistent level of people in the population who experience pneumonia. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of this disease? a. Prevalent b. Endemic c. Epidemic d. Pandemic Which of the following best describes a modern public health practice that was originally developed as a means of self-protection from the Black Death (bubonic plague)? a. Care in a hospital b. Chemical intervention c. Isolation and quarantine d. Herbal remedies A scholar during the Sanitary Revolution created medical topographies. What was the advantage of these surveys? a. Citizens knew which wells were safe to use for drinking water. b. People knew what housing areas to avoid. c. Results demonstrated environmental factors related to regional disease. d. The king could isolate areas of disease from safe areas. How did Edwin Chadwick's ideas help decrease disease in the nineteenth century? a. The minimum wage was increased leading to improved quality of life. b. Parish workhouses where poverty-level children labored for their room and board were closed. c. Social reform legislation resulted in changes such as sidewalks. d. The new emphasis on individual responsibility encouraged people to act to protect their own health. Which of the following best describes how John Snow was able to decrease deaths from cholera? a. Removed a source of contaminated water b. Created the world's first antibiotic c. Encouraged the new process of vaccination d. Helped pass laws that required home quarantine Which of the following nursing interventions would have most likely been used by Florence Nightingale when treating wounded soldiers? a. Establishing private visits with spouses b. Improving food, clothing, and cleanliness c. Administering intravenous medications d. Completing a community assessment of the army hospital Which of the following best describes how Nightingale responded to challenges about her suggestions for reform of health care? a. She influenced male friends as political leaders to publicize her ideas. b. She conveyed her statistical data in more detail and depth, and shared it with political leaders. c. She encouraged those who challenged her to come up with more acceptable approaches to lowering the death rate. d. She understood their concerns and tried to word her suggestions in a more politically acceptable way. Which of the following groups was primarily responsible for the establishment of the first school of public health? a. The American Medical Association b. The Association of State Departments of Public Health c. The federal government d. The Rockefeller Foundation Which of the following best describes the district nursing service created in the United States by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster? a. House on Henry Street b. Visiting Nurses Association c. New York City District Nursing Service d. Wald and Brewster Nursing Service Which of the following statements best summarizes Wald and Brewster's approach to home nursing? a. "All services all the time" b. "Helping people to help themselves" c. "One person, one family, at a time" d. "Your home or ours" Which of the following did Lillian Wald help establish? a. Child employment centers with shortened work days b. Daycare centers for preschool-aged children c. Nurseries for infants of working mothers d. School health nursing for school-aged children Which of the following best describes the primary focus of health care efforts in the United States? a. Acute illnesses and trauma b. Chronic diseases c. Diarrhea and starvation d. Infectious diseases Which of the following statements best explains the continued incidence of infectious disease in the United States today? a. Illness theory explains that there are many causes of illness resulting from environmental conditions. b. No single theory adequately explains why a particular person gets a particular illness at a particular time. c. The germ theory explains that a specific infection is caused solely by the invasion of particular bacteria. d. The theory of susceptibility states that an individual only gets ill when there is extensive stress in his or her life. Which of the following statements best describes the increase in life expectancy among Americans during the twentieth century? a. Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to advances in medical technology. b. Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to public health efforts. c. Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to improved physician education. d. Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to increased access to care. Which of the following is a major challenge for health care provider education today? a. Ensuring that research findings related to families and groups are included in the curriculum b. Expanding the curriculum to allow additional experiences in community health settings outside the hospital c. Increasing course emphasis on environmental influences on health d. Refocusing the curriculum from care of the individual to needs of aggregates Which of the following tool(s) were used by Florence Nightingale to create change? (Select all that apply.) a. Her incredible beauty and personality b. Influence of all the nurses Nightingale trained c. Political advocacy d. Publication of treated soldiers' death rate changed from 42% to 2% e. Use of statistics to demonstrate the effectiveness of her interventions f. Wealth of her family and relatives ,d,e Which of the following of Nightingale's ideas were forgotten until recently? (Select all that apply.) a. The need for education for women b. The influence of environment on health c. The importance of clinical practice for expertise to develop d. The need to recognize gender role limitations e. The problem-solving (nursing) process f. The use of statistics and a sound research base ,f Which of the following best describes why folk healers are used by many people? (Select all that apply.) a. Folk healers are often effective. b. Folk healers do not charge for their efforts. c. Folk healers integrate religion and medicine. d. Folk healers use media very effectively. e. Folk healers may involve the whole family. f. Many physicians recommend folk healers. ,c,e What current emphases are focusing attention on public health? (Select all that apply.) a. Cost containment and managed care models b. Focus on disease prevention and health promotion c. Increased funding for care of chronic diseases d. Liberal politicians encouraging public health as part of a national health reform e. Movies showing national disasters and government lack of preparedness f. Shortage of the H1N1 flu vaccine ,b A nurse reviewed information before meeting with the community residents who were attending a program on healthful living. Which of the following best describes the action by the nurse? a. Disease prevention b. Health promotion c. Health improvement d. Specific protection A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic for her first mammogram. Which of the following best describes the action of this client? a. Disease prevention b. Health improvement c. Health protection d. Primary health promotion Which of the following is the best definition of health? a. A goal and a resource for living b. A lack of disease or illness c. Complete state of well-being d. Freedom from pain or discomfort A nurse was becoming frustrated. She had given her client extensive information on his health problem, but the client continued to be noncompliant in making needed changes. Which of the following principles had the nurse forgotten? a. A person may have a higher priority than improving his or her health. b. Information, while necessary, will not motivate people to change. c. People need repetition over time to be able to absorb information. d. Physicians, not nurses, are perceived as experts in health. The nurse working with a client to change behavior to maximize health asked the client to bring his family to the next visit. Which of the following best describes why the nurse wants the family to come with the client? a. To analyze the family's beliefs about health b. To determine the family's support of the client c. To establish the family's communication patterns d. To evaluate the family's approval of the proposed changes A nurse is using the theory of reasoned action when working with a client to exercise on a regular basis. Which of the following would be the easiest way for the nurse to determine if the client will engage in this activity? a. The client's intention to exercise regularly b. The client's perception of the threat of illness if he doesn't exercise regularly c. Society's emphasis on the importance of regular exercise d. The pros and cons of regular exercise It is rumored that there is something in the workplace that is causing persons employed there to feel ill. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate for the nurse to take? a. Ask researchers to set up a study to confirm the health hazard in the environment b. Assess the risk, including identifying any toxic substance c. Confirm the extent to which the illness resulted from intergroup agreement on the illness and cause d. Insist that the media not further spread stories of possible sick buildings until the truth of the situation can be studied Which of the following risk factors are least subject to modification? a. Choice of lifestyle behaviors b. Environmental exposure c. Nutritional options d. Recreational activities Which of the following best describes why risk reduction is of such importance in the United States today? a. Families suffer when family members die from avoidable causes. b. Risk reduction activities will decrease insurance costs to individuals and their employers. c. The leading causes of death are all related to lifestyle choices. d. Risk reduction can decrease the ongoing rise in national health care expenditures. A nurse is completing a health history with a client. Which of the following questions would be most important to include? a. How many alcoholic drinks do you have in a day? b. How many sexual partners have you had in the past month? c. What nonprescription drugs do you take on a routine basis? d. What kinds of tobacco do you use daily? During a health history, the client looked confused and said, "But everybody drinks, like at parties and such. How much drinking do you think is too much?" Which of the following would be most appropriate response by the nurse? a. "Alcohol should be used only in moderation." b. "It's okay as long as you don't binge, and you eat food with your drinks." c. "Per day, no more than one drink for women and two drinks for men." d. "Total abstinence is the only healthy choice." Which of the following best describes the reason why so many Americans are obese? a. Culture requires eating at celebrations and holidays. b. For many people, caloric intake is more than needed for their physical activity. c. Physical education is no longer a required subject in most elementary and secondary schools. d. The expected portion size in restaurants has vastly increased over time. A young couple is searching for a home in a new neighborhood. Which of the following neighborhoods would most likely promote a healthy lifestyle? a. One near a large active military base b. One with excellent health facilities nearby c. One with high walkability d. One with superb recreational facilities Which of the following factors have a profound, if sometimes unrecognized, impact on one's health? (Select all that apply.) a. Adequate resources to allow easy access to health services b. Interpersonal relationships with family and friends c. Local, state, and national policies d. Number and quality of health care providers within transportation range e. Physical neighborhood where one works and lives f. Understanding the need for healthy lifestyle choices ,b,c,e A nurse is using Pender's model to explain what influences individuals to pursue health promotion activities. Which of the following factors would be examined? (Select all that apply.) a. A belief that one can change one's behaviors b. Environmental choices possible c. Fear of negative consequences if action is not taken d. The rewards one believes will result if action is taken e. The threat of an early death if behavior is not changed f. What one's family and peers believe should be done ,b,d,f A nurse is using the health belief model to help a client improve lifestyle choices. Which of the following interventions would the nurse most likely implement? (Select all that apply.) a. Conduct an ongoing public information campaign to motivate people to take action b. Emphasize how important it is to change behavior immediately c. Examine the individual's perceptions of his or her health in relation to current lifestyle behavior choices d. Review how lifestyle changes can reduce risk and improve the client's life e. Share statistics regarding the probability of health problems and their seriousness if action is not taken f. Use communication channels to send reminders of action currently needed ,d,e,f A nurse was becoming frustrated. It had been 2 weeks, and although the client had verbalized that the best time of day to take a 15-minute walk was early in the morning, the client had not begun to exercise. Which of the following principles of the Transtheoretical Model had the nurse forgotten? (Select all that apply.) a. A decision to act always occurs before action begins. b. Behavior change is difficult and takes time. c. Continuing to stress to the client how important exercise is will help the client decide to exercise. d. Discussing with the client why he or she is not yet exercising may help the client recognize his or her own resistance. e. The nurse should offer some reward if the person exercises for at least a week. f. Verbalizing compassion for how difficult it is to change is a crucial intervention. ,b Which of the following actions have been effective in reducing problems related to alcohol use? (Select all that apply.) a. Abstinence education programs in elementary schools b. Enforcement of ban on sales of alcohol to minors c. Increased taxes on alcoholic beverages d. Media campaigns that show unpleasant behaviors such as vomiting after drinking e. Stringent laws on accurate labeling of alcoholic content in beverages f. Suggesting children be taught appropriate use of alcohol in the home ,c Which of the following best describes what Lillian Wald suggested in regards to providing care to individuals and families? a. Public health nurses should encourage clients to join the Henry Street settlement for mutual growth and support among the families. b. Public health nurses should focus on providing care in the client's home. c. Public health nurses should recognize the larger social and economic forces that the family cannot control. d. Public health nurses should try to understand that educating clients on how to stay healthy is the nurse's primary responsibility. Which of the following best describes why it is important for the nurse to be knowledgeable about the community when providing care to individuals? a. As nurses travel to meet with clients, they must know the community to find the client's residence. b. On the basis of information from community assessment, community health nurses can be visible and vocal advocates for health care reform. c. Community health nurses are expected to have information about the community to share with individual clients. d. Individuals and families are strongly influenced by the community and environment around them. Which of the following best describes how the Health Planning Model for care of aggregates differs from the customary nursing process applied to the care of an individual? a. The nurse must be aware of age, gender, race, ethnic group, religion, educational background, occupation, and marital status of the aggregate. b. The nurse must first decide on and define the aggregate to receive care. c. The nurse must determine how best to ensure that each participant receives an equal number of services. d. The nurse must choose which health care need should have first priority. A nurse is using a systems framework when caring for individuals, families, and aggregates in the community. Which of the following best describes an aspect that would be more challenging when caring for an aggregate as opposed to caring for an individual? a. Ability to communicate clearly with the client b. Analyzing power and decision making within the system c. Defining the system's structure and functions d. Recognizing the system's goals A nurse is caring for an aggregate as his or her client. Which of the following tasks would the nurse complete first? a. Determine the setting of the aggregate b. Gain access into the aggregate c. Identify the nurse's own strengths and preferences d. Review the resources available to use in the community A nurse decided that a high-risk aggregate most needed education about diabetes. Which of the following would be the best approach when teaching the group? a. Involve participants in small group activities applying the information. b. Organize the information into a visual presentation such as a PowerPoint presentation. c. Share the nurse's expertise directly with the group at a meeting for that purpose. d. Use handouts and pamphlets with pictures consistent with the local cultural groups throughout. A community health nurse has determined that the number one priority is to help families in which one member has diabetes. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate to maximize services to persons with diabetes? a. Ask friends with diabetes about what services they want improved. b. Duplicate the diabetic organization's services, because not all patients with diabetes have yet received services. c. Meet with the diabetic organization to see how the public health department can augment what it is offering. d. Submit a request for funding so that the public health department can also offer services to patients with diabetes. A nurse is determining the needs of a selected aggregate. Eight percent of the aggregate has diabetes. Which of the following best describes the action that should be taken next to determine if this should be a priority? a. Ask the American Diabetes Association if 8% is a worrisome rate. b. Discuss the findings with the head of the public health department. c. Review the literature to determine the national and state diabetic rate. d. Determine what the aggregate's diabetic rate has been in the past. A nurse has assessed an aggregate, determined the priority health needs, and decided on what intervention to offer. Which of the following will best determine if the intervention will be successful? a. Accuracy of the nurse's assessment b. Careful planning and implementation of the intervention c. Determination of the aggregate's perspective of the need for the intervention d. Selection of appropriate evaluation measures both in process and on completion Which of the following actions must a nurse take to be successful in addition to the typical assessment, diagnosing, and planning directly related to the intervention project? a. Advocate for community empowerment throughout the process. b. Choose superb people to implement the plan. c. Confirm administrative support throughout the project. d. Continue to assess both barriers and resources throughout the project. A nurse found that several professionals resented time spent interacting with and teaching clients. Which of the following describes the most likely underlying motivation for resisting client involvement? a. Believing that people could change their lives if they really wanted to do so. b. Empowering others shifts power from the experts to the community. c. It is more efficient to plan appropriate care without listening to client ideas. d. Longtime experience with community members has led to disillusionment. A nurse assessed carefully and created a comprehensive intervention plan including primary, secondary, and tertiary care for individuals and families. Which of the following factors may the nurse have overlooked? a. Are other staff members interested in such a project? b. Are there adequate resources for such a project? c. Is there support from the administration for the project? d. Does the nurse have adequate energy and time for such a project? Which of the following must be created before establishing the evaluation plan for a health project? a. A clear set of both short-term and long-term goals b. Decision as to who will collect the evaluation data c. Observable and measurable objectives d. Setting up a computer program to analyze the evaluation data A nurse had all the details carefully arranged for a project: location, speaker, seating arrangement, refreshments, handouts, visual aids, and students to distribute and collect evaluation sheets. Which of the following aspects of the project may be a problem? a. The administrator's greetings went over time. b. The environment was so comfortable that no one listened to the presentation. c. Something totally unexpected and unplanned for happened. d. A student lost the evaluation sheets. A nurse starts to collect evaluative data for a major health project one month after it starts. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this data collection? a. Filling out the forms helps the aggregate feel involved in the process. b. Formative evaluation allows the nurse to make changes if needed. c. Funding agencies require ongoing evaluations to continue contributing. d. The nurse needed to know if the desired outcomes were being achieved. Which of the following best describes where the majority of time is spent by a community health nurse? a. Caring for individuals b. Caring for families c. Caring for groups d. Caring for aggregates Which of the following best describes the principal outcome of the Hill-Burton Act? a. Increased number of hospital beds b. Increased availability of high technology in health care c. Reduced overall health care costs d. Required certificates of need before expensive new construction is started Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments of 1965? a. To improve coordination and planning of health care b. To increase the availability of high technology in health care c. To reduce overall health care costs d. To require certificates of need before expensive new construction or technologies are created Which of the following best describes a flaw of many of the health care bills passed during the last four decades? a. They avoided interfering with the current health care approach and did not improve problems of access or duplication of efforts. b. They encouraged each state to do what was best for its residents without consideration of what was best for the nation as a whole. c. They created new layers of bureaucracy in health care administration. d. They did not include financing to pay for the suggested changes. Which of the following best describes the first efforts at improving community health? a. Environmental planning of water and sewer systems b. Mass community immunizations c. Passing laws requiring quarantine of infected persons d. Segregation of ships from harbors until the harbormaster checked the sailors Which of the following is the most important component of the Planning Approach to Community Health (PATCH) model? a. Ensuring that careful records of the decisions made were kept b. Community participation throughout the process c. Intensive planning by all professionals involved d. Selection of professional outcome measures Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEX-PH)? a. To improve the functioning of public agencies by peer evaluation b. To provide intensive planning for all professionals involved in public health c. An evaluation process involving both community and public organizations d. A self-evaluation by all the groups involved in public health planning Which of the following is the most important phase of the Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership (MAPP) model? a. Conduct assessments identifying strengths and current health status b. Evaluate current local health care systems and forces for change c. Guide the community toward long-range visioning d. Mobilize the community to become involved Which of the following approaches has been suggested to improve the functioning of local and national health planning? a. Increase nursing involvement. b. Invite citizen participation in health care provision. c. Invite more health professionals to be involved in health planning. d. Increase community involvement among hospitals. Which of the following best describes the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act? (Select all that apply.) a. It provides free health insurance to all U. S. citizens. b. It requires most U.S. citizens and legal residents to have health insurance. c. It bans insurance companies from denying coverage because of pre-existing medical conditions. d. It gradually decreases the number of health insurance options available to Americans. e. It provides decreased expenses for families by capping out-of-pocket payments. f. It requires all school-age children to have access to health care services. ,c,e Which of the following would be the most appropriate indicator for determining the needs of an aggregate? (Select all that apply.) a. Demand for services as seen in the behaviors of the chosen aggregate members b. Experts' determination of what is needed in the situation c. Nurse's own expertise, skill, and preferences d. Obvious health disparities between the advantaged and disadvantaged populations e. Review of the literature to determine the typical needs of a typical community f. Verbalized expression of need from the chosen aggregate ,b,d,f A nurse has completed a community health project. Which of the following actions must be performed by the nurse? (Select all that apply.) a. Ask for media coverage of the project to maximize public relations b. Ensure that adequacy and appropriateness of the intervention are measured c. Be certain the efficiency and cost benefits are measured d. Collect statistics for careful analysis e. Communicate follow-up recommendations to the community f. Write a comprehensive report on the project to be distributed to anyone interested ,c,e An epidemiologist has written a summary of a food poisoning outbreak, including its cause and ways to prevent it from occurring in the future. Which of the following best describes what has been done? a. Analytic epidemiology b. Descriptive epidemiology c. Prospective cohort study d. Retrospective cross-sectional survey In which of the following circumstances would it be more helpful to use the wheel model of epidemiology than the epidemiological triangle model? a. When factors outside the triangle model are involved b. When there are multiple causes for a chronic disease c. When research has not yet determined the exact cause d. When trying to explain the situation to a lay person Which of the following best describes the advantage of the web of causation model in comparison with the epidemiological triangle model? a. The web of causation model is easier to understand and use. b. The web of causation model is more widely known and publicized. c. The web of causation model is more recent and current. d. The web of causation model shows the relationships among variables. A community health nurse determined exactly how many cases of a particular disease were currently occurring in the community. Which of the following actions should the nurse take before determining what interventions should be planned? a. Analyze whether the disease was a priority to the nurse's agency b. Compare the current rate with the previous rate of disease c. Determine what resources are available to intervene d. Share the findings with the public health agency leadership People were very concerned about another outbreak of swine flu. All care providers were asked to report, without individual names, any new cases to the public health department for tracking. Which of the following would be most helpful for the local media to report to keep citizens informed? a. The ongoing incidence rate b. The ongoing prevalence of the illness c. How many were hospitalized d. How many had died so far in local hospitals and care facilities When trying to determine whether the swine flu outbreak was getting worse, which of the following rates should be carefully observed? a. The crude death rate b. The age-specific death rate c. The swine flu incidence rate d. The swine flu prevalence rate In a particular community, the rate of new cases of diabetes and the rate of new cases of flu during the month of January were precisely the same. Which disease would have the higher prevalence rate? a. As an acute condition, flu would have the higher prevalence rate. b. As a chronic condition, diabetes would have the higher prevalence rate. c. Flu would have the higher prevalence rate because people can get flu several times in one season. d. Flu would have the higher prevalence rate because it is so contagious. Which of the following research studies would determine the attributable risk of a sedentary lifestyle in cardiac disease? a. Measuring all cases of cardiac problems in a specific community b. Comparing the number of persons with cardiac disease among athletes with the number among nonathletes in a community c. Subtracting the rate of cardiac disease among athletes from the rate of cardiac disease among nonathletes d. Calculating the relative risk and then subtracting the attack rate to determine the attributable risk Which of the following best describes a model that demonstrates the progression of disease from prepathogenesis through disease outcome? a. Epidemiological model b. Ecosocial model c. Natural history model d. Wheel model For which of the following would a screening test be most appropriate? a. Disease A, which must be caught early because society punishes those known to have the disease b. Disease B, which can be controlled if caught early in the disease process c. Disease C, which people need to know whether they have contracted, even though there is no treatment for the disease d. Disease D, because people may want to use that information in family planning One hundred women received notification that their screening tests suggested that they might have a serious health problem. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to ensure that they will complete follow-up testing? a. Compliment them on their willingness to be tested and suggest an immediate appointment before they have too much time to think about the issue. b. Imply that the test could be wrong; the testing materials may not be effective, but the only way to be sure is to be tested further. c. Point out that screening is only suggestive and that not all positive screenings mean they actually have the health problem. d. Reassurance is not therapeutic; reality must be faced. Emphasize the need for immediate treatment. Which of the following is the most effective way to determine if Healthy People 2020 is improving the health of Americans? a. Availability of relatable data on total population's health problems b. Comprehensive and systematically collected surveillance data on the health status of various population groups c. Increased financing to allow ongoing collation of information d. Willingness of individuals to share health information with the federal government A researcher is examining potential risk factors in comparison with disease at a specific time through collecting data regarding current exercise, sleep patterns, and current health status among 12-year-olds. Which of the following research studies would be most appropriate? a. Cross-sectional study b. Prospective study c. Retrospective study d. True experiment A researcher, interested in the onset of early menses, compared the life experiences and history of 1000 14-year-old girls, half of whom had monthly periods and half of whom did not, to determine what variables might be observed. Which of the following would be the most appropriate categorization of this study? a. Cross-sectional study b. Prospective study c. Retrospective study d. True experiment One famous study followed a cohort of nurses over their lives, collecting data and health histories as they aged. Which of the following would be the most appropriate categorization of this study? a. Cross-sectional study b. Prospective study c. Retrospective study d. True experiment A researcher wanted to engage in the best possible research design to obtain reliable information about the possible cause(s) of a disease. Which of the following designs would the researcher choose? a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Prospective study d. Retrospective study A client has developed pellagra because of a lack of certain B vitamins. Which of the following best describes the classification of the nutritional deficiency? a. Relative risk factor b. Agent factor c. Environment factor d. Host factor An epidemiologist is gathering data to determine which factors may lead to disease. Which of the following data will be gathered? (Select all that apply.) a. Demographic characteristics b. Disease characteristics c. Geographic data d. Health protection measures taken e. Length of the disease process f. When disease struck the area ,c,f Which of the following information must be analyzed to derive an adequate explanation of disease? (Select all that apply.) a. Description of commonalities among those who became ill b. Depiction of the possible pathogen c. Explanation of the health care system in the community d. Portrayal of the geographic area where people became ill e. Review of the methods by which disease can be spread f. Substances that are effective in sanitizing the area described ,b,d Which of the following best describes the advantage of the ecosocial epidemiology model over both the web of causation model and the epidemiological triangle model? (Select all that apply.) a. It decreases the focus on the individual person. b. It demonstrates the usefulness of molecular epidemiology in disease prevention. c. It emphasizes the role of complex political and economic context. d. It is more useful in public policy campaigns in explaining what people need to do to protect themselves. e. It reflects the current emphasis on ecology and the environment. f. Its use suggests possible public policy interventions. ,c,f Which of the following factors are necessary to assume there might be a cause-effect relationship between a particular variable A and a specific illness? (Select all that apply.) a. It is easy to understand how the variable A could lead to the illness. b. Research studies consistently demonstrate a relationship between variable A and the illness. c. The illness is frequently seen without the presence of variable A. d. The more of variable A present, the sicker the person becomes. e. Variable A is always found after the person becomes ill. f. Variable A is never found in the presence of other illnesses. ,b,d Which of the following best describes how care can be appropriately given in a community? a. Provide individualized care to unique individuals as much as resources allow. b. Consider the community itself as the "client." c. Administer care according to the priorities of the local health department. d. Prioritize care for the sickest populations first. Which of the following provides the most accurate way to explain community health nursing? a. Being employed outside a medical center, such as in a physician's office b. Focusing care on the community as a whole c. Providing care within the community, rather than a hospital or extended-care facility d. Working for a public health department Which of the following is a major factor in determining which people or groups are most likely to be helpful to a particular individual? a. Anyone who has time to be available b. Environmental proximity c. Same employment responsibilities d. Similar religious faith Which of the following best describes what community members receive from each other? a. Safe environment to live and work b. Entertainment and recreational opportunities c. Socialization and role fulfillment d. Useful services such as physicians and medical centers A nurse is helping a community develop its capacity to address future problems. Which of the following activities is the nurse most likely implementing? a. Addressing problems in priority order b. Promoting collaboration and team building c. Developing community competence d. Providing education about health issues Which of the following best describes shoe leather epidemiology? a. Implementing the wheel model of epidemiology b. Engaging in extensive truth seeking like a detective in the community c. Traveling throughout the community to absorb an overall impression of it d. Facilitating sharing of the community's history by community leaders A public health nurse wanted statistics on the disability, illness, and other health-related variables for the state. Which of the following would be the best resource for the nurse to obtain the most extensive data? a. State health department records b. State department of vital statistics c. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention d. The National Center for Health Statistics Which of the following best describes when a community health nurse would try to collect data on a health issue? a. When available data exists b. When data must be purchased from the agency that collects it c. When there is no source of previously collected data d. When the data previously collected is available to the public All of the needed objective data on a specific health problem are available for the community health nurse. Which of the following best describes why the nurse would also interview community residents about the health problem? a. To confirm the accuracy of the previously collected data b. To emphasize to residents the importance of the health problem c. To obtain the residents' personal insights and beliefs about the problem d. To update the previously collected data A nurse begins to collect information about a particular health problem from community residents. Which of the following potential problems would most likely arise? a. Residents might become suspicious about why the nurse needs this information. b. Residents might believe the nurse is becoming intrusive in their personal lives. c. Residents might wonder why they are being asked about the problem when previous surveys may also have asked about the same problem. d. Residents might begin to expect service to be given to address the problem. A nurse was debating about which approach to use to both obtain data about community needs and encourage community participation in their resolution. Which of the following approaches would be most effective in meeting both goals? a. A community forum, open to all interested residents of the community b. A community survey mailed to all residents c. Establishing focus groups with selected participants d. Conducting in-depth interviews with select community residents A community health nurse has completed a community assessment and is now writing a community diagnosis for the problem. Which component of the diagnosis will be used to summarize the assessment data of the problem? a. Identification of the health risk b. Evidence supporting the choice of priority c. The aggregate that needs the intervention d. The cause of the identified health problem A community health nurse found a very small number of families in the community who were desperately in need of basic preventive health services. Which of the following ethical approaches supports expending agency resources on these few, but needy, families? a. Beneficence suggests focusing on the most needy, so resources should be expended on these families. b. Deontological ethics suggest that the nurse must give priority to the intervention that would have the broadest impact. c. Utilitarianism (the most good for the largest number) would suggest continuing to focus on broader community needs. d. Virtue ethics would suggest focusing on these families to support the nurse's own character development. Which of the following best describes the aspects central to the definition of community? (Select all that apply.) a. Geographic boundaries at a point in time b. Whatever is most convenient for the nurse c. Patterns of disease found d. Persons who share common goals and interests e. Persons who band together to address a shared problem f. The name the people have given themselves ,e,f Which of the following is a central function unique to community health nursing? (Select all that apply.) a. Being willing to travel to give care in an appropriate setting b. Collaborating and cooperating with other health care team members c. Gathering appropriate comprehensive assessment data on the community d. Incorporating epidemiological approaches throughout the nursing process e. Keeping accurate and detailed medical records on care given f. Being willing to contribute to health policy development ,d,f Which of the following best describes what Lillian Wald suggested in regards to providing care to individuals and families? a. Public health nurses should encourage clients to join the Henry Street settlement for mutual growth and support among the families. b. Public health nurses should focus on providing care in the client's home. c. Public health nurses should recognize the larger social and economic forces that the family cannot control. d. Public health nurses should try to understand that educating clients on how to stay healthy is the nurse's primary responsibility. Which of the following nurses fought to have American nursing controlled by nurses rather than physicians? a. Clara Barton b. Florence Nightingale c. Lavinia Dock d. Lillian Wald Which of the following nurses used political expertise to influence the federal government to develop a Children's Bureau? a. Clara Barton b. Florence Nightingale c. Lavinia Dock d. Lillian Wald Which of the following best describes the most important factor in legislation? a. The amount of financing and lobbying behind each choice b. The beliefs, attitudes, and values of the policy c. The preferences of the majority of American voters d. The president's ongoing encouragement for one particular choice Which of the following is accomplished through the use of public policy? a. Solutions to problems of public concern are developed. b. A rational, logical problem-solving decision-making process is implemented. c. Public safety nets for vulnerable populations are created. d. Economic and business m