biology - 2022 paper 1 aqa gcse 2023 with complete solution

function of nucleus contains DNA coding controls cell enclosed in nuclear membrane function of cytoplasm where chemical reactions take place contains enzymes contains organelles function of cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell protects and supports cell function of mitochondria where aerobic respiration occurs ^ provides energy for cell function of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs found on rough endoplasmic reticulum function of chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place ^ provides nutrition contains chlorophyll pigment (harvests light needed) function of permanent vacuole contains cell sap found within cytoplasm improves cell rigidity function of cell wall made from cellulose provides strength to the cell animal vs. plant cells plant cells have cell walls, permanent vacuoles, and chloroplasts - animal cells do not prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells are much smaller - they don't have nuclei, cell wall is made of a different compound (peptidogylcan), a singular circular strand of DNA, plasmids, and no mitochondria what is a plasmid a small ring of DNA define differentiation the process by which a cell gains new sub-cellular structures in order for the cell to be suited to its role what is the name for cells that are able to differentiate for their whole life? stem cells differentiation in plants vs animals in animals, most cells only differentiate once, whereas in plants many cells retain the ability what is the function of a sperm cell carry male's DNA to the ovum for successful reproduction how is a sperm cell specialised for its function streamlined head and tail for swimming many mitochondria to supply energy acrosome has digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of membrane of ovum what is the function of a nerve cell transmit electrical signals rapidly from one place in the body to another how is a nerve cell specialised for its function axon is long to enable impulses to be carried long distances dendrites to form connections with other nerve cells many mitochondria on nerve endings to create neurotransmitters what is the function of a muscle cell contract quickly to move bones or simply squeeze how is a muscle cell specialised for its function specialised proteins slide over each other to cause contraction lots of mitochondria to provide energy for respiration for contraction store glycogen, which will be used in respiration what is the function of a root hair cell take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport how is a root hair cell specialised for its function large surface area due to root hairs large permanent vacuole affects speed of movement of water mitochondria for energy required for active transport what is the function of xylem cells to transport water and mineral ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots