Major Court Cases American Government CLEP questions and answers 2023

Major Court Cases American Government CLEP questions and answers 2023Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established Judicial Review; "midnight judges"; John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. Institution; John Marshall; "the power to tax the power to destroy." Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause; determined Congress' power encompassed virtually every form of commercial activity. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Established "separate but equal." Gave Supreme Court approval of Jim Crow laws. Weeks v. U.S. (1914) Established the "Exclusionary Rule" at the federal level; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court. Schenck v. U.S. (1919) Clear and present danger test; shouting "fire" in a crowded theater; limits on speech, especially in wartime. Gitlow v. New York (1925) Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech, protected through due process clause of Amendment 14. Near v. Minnesota (1931) Held that the 1st Amendment protects newspaper from prior restraint. Palko v. Connecticut (1937) Provided test for determining which parts of the Bill of Rights should be federalized, those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Upheld as constitutional the internment of Americans with Japanese descent during WWII. Brown v. Board, 1st (1954) School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned "separate but equal"; use of 14th Amendment. Brown v. Board, 2nd (1955) Ordered schools to desegregate "with all due and deliberate speed."