Test Banks For Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues 9th Edition by Michael D. Johnson, 9780134834085, Chapter 1-24 Complete Guide

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues 9th Edition 4085 7435 9, 4, 4085, 5888 1.1 The characteristics of life 1.2 How humans fit into the natural world 1.3 Science is both a body of knowledge and a process 1.4 Sources of scientific information vary in style and quality 1.5 Learning to be a critical thinker 1.6 The role of science in society 02 The Chemistry of Living Things 2.1 All matter consists of elements 2.2 Atoms combine to form molecules 2.3 Life depends on water 2.4 The importance of hydrogen ions 2.5 The organic molecules of living organisms 2.6 Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support 2.7 Lipids: insoluble in water 2.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids 2.9 Nucleic acids: store genetic information 2.10 ATP: carries energy 03 The Structure and Function of Cells 3.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization 3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function 3.3 The internal structures of cells carry out specific functions 3.4 Cells have structures for support and movement 3.5 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell 3.6 Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways 3.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy 04 From Cells to Organ Systems 4.1 Tissues are groups of cells with a common function 4.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities 4.3 Connective tissue supports and connects body parts 4.4 Muscle tissues contract to produce movement 4.5 Nervous tissue transmits impulses 4.6 Organs and organ systems perform complex functions 4.7 The skin is an organ of the integumentary system 4.8 Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis 05 The Skeletal System 5.1 The skeletal system consists of connective tissue 5.2 Bones develop from cartilage 5.3 Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair 5.4 Bones fit together to form the skeleton 5.5 Joints form connections between bones 5.6 Disorders and diseases of the skeletal system 06 The Muscular System 6.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension 6.2 Individual muscle cells contract and relax 6.3 Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance 6.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features 6.5 Diseases and disorders of the muscular system 07 Blood 7.1 The composition and functions of blood 7.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss 7.3 Blood transfusions and human blood types 7.4 Blood substitutes 7.5 Blood disorders 08 The Heart and Blood Vessels 8.1 Blood vessels transport blood 8.2 The heart pumps blood through the vessels 8.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls 8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated 8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue 8.6 Replacing a failing heart 8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease 09 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense 9.1 Pathogens cause disease 9.2 The lymphatic system plays a key role in defending the body 9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense 9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense 9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense 9.6 Immune memory creates immunity 9.7 Medical assistance in the war against pathogens 9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge 9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems 9.10 Immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS 10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases 10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body 10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts 10.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient 10.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively 10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing 10.6 Disorders of the respiratory system 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control 11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the nervous system 11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons 11.5 Information is transferred from a neuron to its target 11.6 The PNS relays information between tissues and the CNS 11.7 The brain and spinal cord constitute the CNS 11.8 The brain processes and acts on information 11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving information 11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain functions 11.11 Disorders of the nervous system 12 Sensory Mechanisms 12.1 Receptors receive and convert stimuli 12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors throughout the body 12.3 Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors 12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves 12.5 The inner ear plays an essential role in balance 12.6 Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli 12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms 13 The Endocrine System 13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones 13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or nonsteroid 13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland 13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin 13.5 The adrenal glands comprise the cortex and medulla 13.6 Thyroid and parathyroid glands 13.7 Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones 13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete hormones 13.9 Other chemical messengers 13.10 Disorders of the endocrine system 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition 14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients into the body 14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing 14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food to the stomach 14.4 The stomach stores food, digests protein, and regulates delivery 14.5 The small intestine digests food and absorbs nutrients and water 14.6 Accessory organs aid digestion and absorption 14.7 The large intestine absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes 14.8 How nutrients are absorbed 14.9 Nerves and hormones regulate digestion 14.10 Nutrition: you are what you eat 14.11 Food labels 14.12 Energy balance 14.13 Eating disorders 14.14 Disorders of the digestive system 15 The Urinary System 15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids 15.2 Organs of the urinary system 15.3 The internal structure of a kidney 15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 15.5 Producing diluted or concentrated urine 15.6 Urination depends on a reflex 15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many ways 15.8 Disorders of the urinary system 16 Reproductive Systems 16.1 The male reproductive system delivers sperm 16.2 The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancy 16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian and uterine cycles 16.4 Human sexual response, intercourse, and fertilization 16.5 Birth control methods: controlling fertility 16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive 16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation 17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells 17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview 17.3 Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two 17.4 How cell reproduction is regulated 17.5 Environmental factors influence cell differentiation 17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated cell 17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and organs 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation 18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous 18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional changes 18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development 18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early detection 18.5 Cancer treatments 18.6 The 10 deadliest cancers 18.7 Some other notable cancers 18.8 Most cancers could be prevented 19 Genetics and Inheritance 19.1 Your genome is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes 19.2 Genetic inheritance follows certain patterns 19.3 Incomplete dominance and codominance 19.4 Other factors influencing inheritance patterns and phenotype 19.5 Sex‐linked inheritance 19.6 Alterations in chromosome number or structure 19.7 Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles 20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering 20.1 DNA sequencing reveals the order of nucleotides in DNA 20.2 DNA can be amplified and edited in the laboratory 20.3 Genetic engineering creates transgenic organisms 20.4 Gene therapy: the hope of the future 21 Development, Maturation, Aging, and Death 21.1 Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite 21.2 Overview of developmental processes: cleavage, growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis 21.3 Pre‐embryonic development: the first two weeks 21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight 21.5 Development of reproductive organs 21.6 Fetal development: nine weeks to birth 21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period 21.8 Maturation: from birth to adulthood 21.9 Aging 21.10 Death 22 Evolution and the Origins of Life 22.1 The evidence for evolution 22.2 Multiple factors contribute to evolution 22.3 In the beginning, Earth was too hot for life 22.4 The first cells lived without oxygen 22.5 Photosynthesis altered Earth’s atmosphere and the course of evolution 22.6 Humans share a common ancestor with primates 23 Ecosystems and Populations 23.1 Ecosystems: living organisms and their environment 23.2 The dynamic nature of populations 23.3 Communities: different species living together 23.4 Energy flows through living organisms 23.5 The matter (material) comprising living organisms is recycled 23.6 Human population growth 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues 24.1 Pollutants impair air quality 24.2 Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies 24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land 24.4 Energy: many options 24.5 Environmental change and loss of biodiversity 24.6 Toward sustainable development