Summary Introduction to the Neuroscience
Inhoudsopgave
Neuroanatomy.............................................................................................................................................. 2
01 Terminology.....................................................................................................................................................2
02 Neurocytology.................................................................................................................................................2
03 cranium and columna vertebralis...................................................................................................................3
04 spinal and cranial nerves.................................................................................................................................3
05 Meninges.........................................................................................................................................................4
06 Production and circulation of CSF...................................................................................................................5
07 Vascularization................................................................................................................................................6
08 Ventricles.........................................................................................................................................................7
09 Spinal cord.......................................................................................................................................................7
10 Cerebrum and brainstem................................................................................................................................9
11 Basal ganglia...................................................................................................................................................9
12 Corticofugal fiber system..............................................................................................................................10
13 Limbic structures...........................................................................................................................................10
Systems Neuroanatomy............................................................................................................................... 11
Motor control.....................................................................................................................................................11
2nd motor neurons - Muscle.........................................................................................................................11
2nd motor neurons – Reflexes......................................................................................................................12
The 1st motor neuron – cortex, corticofugal, corticobulbospinal..................................................................13
The 1st motor neuron – Terminations of Corticobulbospinal system............................................................13
Lesions...........................................................................................................................................................14
Cortical processing.........................................................................................................................................14
Subcortical circuit - Striatum.........................................................................................................................15
Subcortical circuit – Cerebellum....................................................................................................................16
Sensory systems.................................................................................................................................................16
Somatosensory system..................................................................................................................................17
Auditory system.............................................................................................................................................17
Vestibular system..........................................................................................................................................17
Visual system.................................................................................................................................................17
Olfaction (smell).............................................................................................................................................17
Gustation (taste)............................................................................................................................................18
Limbic system and development........................................................................................................................18
Advanced neurophysiology.......................................................................................................................... 18
Neurotoxins........................................................................................................................................................18
The neuromuscular synapse...............................................................................................................................20
The myasthenia gravis.......................................................................................................................................20
,Summary Introduction to the Neuroscience
Neuroanatomy
01 Terminology
The effector systems:
- Somatomotor system (straited muscles)
- Visceromotor system (smooth muscles and glands): sympathetic (FFF) and
parasympathetic (rest
An axon is dependent on its cell body (soma) for its protein synthesis and
energy production. As a consequence a disconnection (lesion) of the axon from
the cell body will always lead to degeneration; reattachment and transection is
not possible
Nerve: bundle of afferent and/or efferent axons
Ganglion (ganglia): structure containing a number of cell bodies
- Left and right in the image are co-oriented with the patient standing in
front of you
o From anterior to posterior: left is right of the patient
o From posterior to anterior: left is left of the patient
- In horizontal/axial images your point of view is from underneath
(standing at the foot of the bed)
- The left brain controls the right body
- We orient with respect to the long axis of the CNS
Embryological development of the brain
- P.10: Atlas van de anatomie
02 Neurocytology
The neuron: dendrites – perikaryon (soma) – axon – telodendria – synaptic terminals
- Axonal conduction happens through action potentials. Neurotransmitters lead to the
opening of ion channels that changes the resting membrane potential (PSP). This can
be inhibitory of excitatory based on the neurotransmitters and the ion channels they
specifically bind to. Summation of PSPs leads to meeting of the threshold value due to
which an action potential is initiated (all-or-none signal) in the axon hillock.
, Summary Introduction to the Neuroscience
- Now the action potential is spread through the axon by saltatory conduction. Axons
are surrounded by a myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells. The space in between
these myelin sheaths are called nodes of ranvier.
Next to neurons there are also other cells present in the CNS and PNS called glial cells:
- Astrocytes: astrocytic extesnsions cover the entire outside surface of the brain
o Bloodvessels = blood-brain barrier
o Subarachnoid space = brain-liquor barrier
o Neuronal somata, dendrites and unmyelinated axons for structural support and
protection and control K+/neurotransmitter
- Oligodendrocytes: produces myelin sheaths in CNS
- Ependymal cells: epithelial linging of the ventricles (ciliated)
o Permeable barrier between CSF and ECF
o production of CSF (choroid plexus)
o Circulate CSF
o Absorption of waste and unnecessary solutes from CSF
- Microglial cells: mononuclear phagocytes that digest waste products (of apoptotic
cells)
- Satellite cells: similar function to the astorcytes but in PNS
- Schwann cells: cover axons in PNS (myelinated axon or remak bundle)
03 cranium and columna vertebralis
Cranium:
- Neuro-: houses brain. Full size at birth and segmental connects will develop
- Viscero-: houses face: not full size ate birth
Cranial vault consists of fossa crani:
- Anterior: frontal lobe
- Media: temporal lobe
- Posterior: brain stem and cerebellum (occipital lobe?***)
04 spinal and cranial nerves
The body is segmented, and every segment is innervated by a spinal nerve that emerges from
the vertebral column.
Spinal nerve: the fusion of a dorsal and a ventral spinal root. This happens at the
intervertebral foramen where the dural sleeve attaches the spinal nerve to the bone in order
to keep the spinal cord in the center.
- The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains the motor neurons (efferent) which
emerge as ventral rootlets from the ventral horn to become the ventral root. These
axons originate from neurons located in the ventral horn itself.
- The dorsal horn of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons (afferent) which
emerge as dorsal rootlets from the dorsal horn to become the dorsal root. These axons
originate from neurons located in the peripheral ganglion (a dorsal root ganglion =
spinal ganaglion or a cranial nerve ganglion).
The first neuron in the sensory chain is the pseudo-unipolary ganglion cell. This neuron is
special because its dendritic tree is directly connected to the axon. Action potentials (APs) are
generated at this transition called the axon hillock.
Cranial nerves emerge from the cranium. Cranial nerves are not always mixed (containing
motor and sensory component):
Inhoudsopgave
Neuroanatomy.............................................................................................................................................. 2
01 Terminology.....................................................................................................................................................2
02 Neurocytology.................................................................................................................................................2
03 cranium and columna vertebralis...................................................................................................................3
04 spinal and cranial nerves.................................................................................................................................3
05 Meninges.........................................................................................................................................................4
06 Production and circulation of CSF...................................................................................................................5
07 Vascularization................................................................................................................................................6
08 Ventricles.........................................................................................................................................................7
09 Spinal cord.......................................................................................................................................................7
10 Cerebrum and brainstem................................................................................................................................9
11 Basal ganglia...................................................................................................................................................9
12 Corticofugal fiber system..............................................................................................................................10
13 Limbic structures...........................................................................................................................................10
Systems Neuroanatomy............................................................................................................................... 11
Motor control.....................................................................................................................................................11
2nd motor neurons - Muscle.........................................................................................................................11
2nd motor neurons – Reflexes......................................................................................................................12
The 1st motor neuron – cortex, corticofugal, corticobulbospinal..................................................................13
The 1st motor neuron – Terminations of Corticobulbospinal system............................................................13
Lesions...........................................................................................................................................................14
Cortical processing.........................................................................................................................................14
Subcortical circuit - Striatum.........................................................................................................................15
Subcortical circuit – Cerebellum....................................................................................................................16
Sensory systems.................................................................................................................................................16
Somatosensory system..................................................................................................................................17
Auditory system.............................................................................................................................................17
Vestibular system..........................................................................................................................................17
Visual system.................................................................................................................................................17
Olfaction (smell).............................................................................................................................................17
Gustation (taste)............................................................................................................................................18
Limbic system and development........................................................................................................................18
Advanced neurophysiology.......................................................................................................................... 18
Neurotoxins........................................................................................................................................................18
The neuromuscular synapse...............................................................................................................................20
The myasthenia gravis.......................................................................................................................................20
,Summary Introduction to the Neuroscience
Neuroanatomy
01 Terminology
The effector systems:
- Somatomotor system (straited muscles)
- Visceromotor system (smooth muscles and glands): sympathetic (FFF) and
parasympathetic (rest
An axon is dependent on its cell body (soma) for its protein synthesis and
energy production. As a consequence a disconnection (lesion) of the axon from
the cell body will always lead to degeneration; reattachment and transection is
not possible
Nerve: bundle of afferent and/or efferent axons
Ganglion (ganglia): structure containing a number of cell bodies
- Left and right in the image are co-oriented with the patient standing in
front of you
o From anterior to posterior: left is right of the patient
o From posterior to anterior: left is left of the patient
- In horizontal/axial images your point of view is from underneath
(standing at the foot of the bed)
- The left brain controls the right body
- We orient with respect to the long axis of the CNS
Embryological development of the brain
- P.10: Atlas van de anatomie
02 Neurocytology
The neuron: dendrites – perikaryon (soma) – axon – telodendria – synaptic terminals
- Axonal conduction happens through action potentials. Neurotransmitters lead to the
opening of ion channels that changes the resting membrane potential (PSP). This can
be inhibitory of excitatory based on the neurotransmitters and the ion channels they
specifically bind to. Summation of PSPs leads to meeting of the threshold value due to
which an action potential is initiated (all-or-none signal) in the axon hillock.
, Summary Introduction to the Neuroscience
- Now the action potential is spread through the axon by saltatory conduction. Axons
are surrounded by a myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells. The space in between
these myelin sheaths are called nodes of ranvier.
Next to neurons there are also other cells present in the CNS and PNS called glial cells:
- Astrocytes: astrocytic extesnsions cover the entire outside surface of the brain
o Bloodvessels = blood-brain barrier
o Subarachnoid space = brain-liquor barrier
o Neuronal somata, dendrites and unmyelinated axons for structural support and
protection and control K+/neurotransmitter
- Oligodendrocytes: produces myelin sheaths in CNS
- Ependymal cells: epithelial linging of the ventricles (ciliated)
o Permeable barrier between CSF and ECF
o production of CSF (choroid plexus)
o Circulate CSF
o Absorption of waste and unnecessary solutes from CSF
- Microglial cells: mononuclear phagocytes that digest waste products (of apoptotic
cells)
- Satellite cells: similar function to the astorcytes but in PNS
- Schwann cells: cover axons in PNS (myelinated axon or remak bundle)
03 cranium and columna vertebralis
Cranium:
- Neuro-: houses brain. Full size at birth and segmental connects will develop
- Viscero-: houses face: not full size ate birth
Cranial vault consists of fossa crani:
- Anterior: frontal lobe
- Media: temporal lobe
- Posterior: brain stem and cerebellum (occipital lobe?***)
04 spinal and cranial nerves
The body is segmented, and every segment is innervated by a spinal nerve that emerges from
the vertebral column.
Spinal nerve: the fusion of a dorsal and a ventral spinal root. This happens at the
intervertebral foramen where the dural sleeve attaches the spinal nerve to the bone in order
to keep the spinal cord in the center.
- The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains the motor neurons (efferent) which
emerge as ventral rootlets from the ventral horn to become the ventral root. These
axons originate from neurons located in the ventral horn itself.
- The dorsal horn of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons (afferent) which
emerge as dorsal rootlets from the dorsal horn to become the dorsal root. These axons
originate from neurons located in the peripheral ganglion (a dorsal root ganglion =
spinal ganaglion or a cranial nerve ganglion).
The first neuron in the sensory chain is the pseudo-unipolary ganglion cell. This neuron is
special because its dendritic tree is directly connected to the axon. Action potentials (APs) are
generated at this transition called the axon hillock.
Cranial nerves emerge from the cranium. Cranial nerves are not always mixed (containing
motor and sensory component):
