Anatomy and Physiology Final test with answer keys

Which of the following is not an anatomical direction?  Supine Correct Body position Prone  Proximal / Distal  Medial / Lateral  Anterior / Posterior Anatomy is defined as the study of the  function of a living organism and its parts. Physiology  diseases of a living organism. Pathology  structure of a living organism and the relationship of its parts. Correct  growth of a living organism. Embryology / Developmental Biological Science The smallest living unit of structure and function in the body is  the organic compounds. Large complex molecules, C-C&C-H covalent bonds  the cell. Correct  DNA. An organic compound.  organelles. Cellular structures that function for cellular homeostasis. The plane that divides the body into front and back portions is the  sagittal plane. / Left and Right  transverse plane. / superior and inferior (up and down)  frontal plane. Correct  midsagittal plane. / equal two halves left and right A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a  protein. / Building blocks = Amino Acids (20). E.g. collagen, actin, myosin, prolactin, T4.  lipid. / Building blocks = fatty acids & Glycerol. E.g.Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipids.  carbohydrate. / Building blocks = monosaccharides. E.g. glucose, fructose, galactose. Disaccharides e.g. maltose (bread, rye, wheat, caraway), lactose (milk), sucrose (table sugar = sugarcanes, honey, fruits). Polysaccharides e.g. starch.  nucleic acid. / RNA (Ribose, Uracil), DNA (Deoxyribose, Thynine) Correct A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n)  ionic bond. / attraction of positively and negatively charged molecules (ions). E.g. Na+ (Cation), Cl- (Anion) donate/receive electrons  hydrogen bond. / weak, holding substances together through attraction (H+)  covalent bond. Correct  None of these is correct. The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of  protons. Correct  neutrons.  electrons. / no calculations.  Both A and B are correct. / Atomic mass = protons + neutrons. Which of these lipids are found in the cell membrane? / bilayer of phospholipids, heads = outwards, tails = inwards.  Triglycerides / Blood, adipose tissue, lacteals, liver, and brain.  Phospholipids. / Building blocks = phosphate group (head, water)+ two fatty acids (tails, lipids).  Cholesterol / stabilizes the phospholipids, maintains the integrity of cell membrane.  Both B and C are correct. Correct The two processes of protein synthesis are  transcription and translation. Correct  replication and duplication. / DNA during mitosis and meiosis (cellular reproduction).  transcription and replication. / genes are inactive!!!  translation and duplication. Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, this organelle is the site of ATP production.  Endoplasmic reticulum / protein processing and folding + maintains and replace cell membrane.  Peroxisome / vesicles that contain hydrogen peroxide => destroy bacteria (TB, Pneumococcus, and meningococcus).  Lysosome / vesicle contains lytic enzymes => destroy microbes.  Mitochondria Correct This process is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure. / Kidneys  Osmosis / movement of water  Filtration Correct  Diffusion / down gradient [particles moving from high concentration to low concentration] PASSIVE.  Pinocytosis / cells digest fluids and other substances ACTIVE => use of ATP e.g. Na/K pump. Spindle fibers form during this phase of mitosis.  Prophase Correct  Anaphase / Chromosomes are formed  Telophase / daughter cells formed  Metaphase / chromosomes align in the middle This type of epithelial tissue would be found in the wall of the urinary bladder.  Stratified squamous / GIT (mouth, esophagus), Skin (Keratinized).  Cuboidal / kidneys, salivary glands, thyroid gland, pancreas.  Stratified transitional Correct  Simple columnar / stomach, small intestines, Upper respiratory airways ciliated Pseudostratified columnar. Stratified squamous epithelial cells are found in the  skin. Correct  lining of the trachea. / ciliated pseudostratified columnar  kidney tubules. / cuboidal  urinary bladder. / stratified transitional This type of epithelial tissue is found in the air sacs of the lung.  Simple squamous /single layer and flat allows gas exchange Correct  Striated squamous / NA  Columnar  Cuboidal This type of epithelial tissue has adapted to a secretory function and forms clusters of cells called glands.  Squamous epithelium  Stratified squamous epithelium / skin  Cuboidal epithelium / thyroid, salivary glands, pancreas. Correct  Pseudostratified columnar epithelium / trachea UR tract The system that includes the skin and its appendages is the  integumentary system. Correct  endocrine system. / glands => secrete products into blood directly.  nervous system. / made of nervous tissue.  lymphatic system. / lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus => immunity, circulation. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra can be found in what system?  Endocrine / endocrine glands, hypothalamus, thymus  Digestive / GIT (primary), Accessory (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gall bladder).  Urinary system Correct  Reproductive system / essential organs (gonads), reproductive tracts (uterine tubes, uterus, vas deferens, epididymis), and accessory glands (prostate, cowper, bartholine) External genitalia. The vas deferens, prostate, and testes are part of the  male reproductive system. Correct  female reproductive system. / uterus (uterine tubes), vestibular glands (bartholine), and ovaries.  endocrine system.  respiratory system. Alveoli are found in the  digestive system.  respiratory system. / lungs Correct  lymphatic system.  urinary system. The tonsils, thymus, and spleen are specialized organs of what system?  Endocrine / thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreatic islets  Cardiovascular / heart, blood vessels  Urinary / kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethera.  Lymphatic Correct Of the following, which best describes the process of hyperplasia?  Abnormal, undifferentiated tumor cells / Anaplasia  Production of too few cells / Hypoplasia  Production of too many cells / Number of cells Correct  “Cancer genes” / oncogenes The actual pattern of a disease’s development is called its  pathogenesis. / How? Correct  etiology. / causes of disease (factors causing disease) Why?  sign. / objective manifestation of disease  symptom. / subjective manifestation of disease The most significant strategy for combating disease is  therapy. / antibiotics, antihypertensives, ……………  diagnoses. /  prevention. / e.g. contact precautions, vaccines, risk factors modifications, genetic counseling.  Both A and C are correct. Correct Microscopic organisms that include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are called  viruses. / microbes, different from bacteria, fungi, protozoa  microbes. Correct  pathogens. / microbes, chemicals, waste, toxins.  platyhelminths. / flat worms. The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants is called  phagocytosis. / ingestions of microbes  pinocytosis.  chemotaxis. Correct  cachexia. / abnormal weight loss and loss of appetite in cancer patients (muscle wasting). The skin is composed of the following layers of tissue.  Epidermis and subcutaneous / subcutaneous fat is underneath the dermis.  Epidermis and dermis / ectoderm (epidermis), mesoderm (dermis) Correct  Dermis and subcutaneous  Hypodermis, epidermis, and subcutaneous A typical sunburn would be classified as what degree of burn?  First-degree / protection => melanin, albinism Correct  Second-degree / burn through the epidermis and dermis => painful  Third-degree / complete burn of dermis => painless (nerve endings destruction)  It depends on the amount of skin surface involved. / classifications of burns the rule of 9s. A tough, waterproof material that protects the outer layer of the skin is  mucus. / produced by mucous membranes  keratin. / absorbing and losing fluids Correct  melanin.  pigment. The basic determinant of skin color is  keratin.  mucus.  melanin. / melanocytes Correct  tyrosine. / phenylalanine (deficiency is Phenylketonuria)=> tyrosine => melanin. An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is  neoplasms. / cancer.  Paget disease. / bone disease of the elderly where osteoclasts are hyperactive.  osteoporosis. / women menopausal, and elderly Correct  osteomalacia. / vit D deficiency in adults (vit D deficiency in children Rickets). Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called  intramembranous ossification. / flat bones e.g. frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal (skull bones)  osteogenesis. / formation of bones.  histogenesis. / formation of tissues (embryonic development).  endochondral ossification. / e.g. femur, humorus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius. Correct Which of these is not a bone in the lower extremity?  Metacarpals / located in the hands Correct  Femur / thigh bone  Fibula / shatter bone  Tibia / leg bone Bone-forming cells are called  osteoclasts. / bone resorption (destroying bone)  osteons. / haversian systems.  osteoblasts. Correct  osteocytes. / calcified bone cells. Cartilage cells are called  osteocytes.  chondrocytes. Correct  lacunae. / are part of osteons  osteons. The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the  actin. / protein part of sarcomere  myosin. / protein part of sarcomere  myofibril. / muscle cell  sarcomere. Correct The orbicularis oris (oral) muscle can be found in the (orbicularis oculi => oculi eye)  face. / mouth Correct  upper arm. / deltoid, triceps brachii, biceps brachii.  cranium. / temporalis  lower leg. / gastrocnemius, anterior tibialis. The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the  insertion. / point of attachment that MOVES when muscle contracts.  tendon. / fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones.  ligament./ fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone (found around joints)  origin. Correct The following are types of muscle contractions except  kinetic. / this is physics Correct  Tetanic / abnormal continuous muscle contractions (tetanus).  isotonic.  isometric. The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the  meninges. / coverings of the CNS.  sulci. / grooves in the cerebrum  gyri. / elevations in the cerebrum.  ventricles. / four (two lateral, third, fourth) Correct The nervous system is divided into which two principal divisions?  Peripheral and central / cranial nerves PNS, brain and spinal cord CNS Correct  Autonomic and central / sympathetic and parasympathetic  Autonomic and peripheral  Central and afferent / afferent => advance to & efferent => exit from (Spinal cord). The innermost layer of the meninges is the  pia mater. / at the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Correct  dura mater. / outer most layer of the meninges. Tough, white in color.  arachnoid layer./ middle layer of the meninges (subarachnoid space).  choroid plexus. / vascular capillaries found in ventricles => production of CSF. Which glia cell produces the myelin that envelops the nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord (CNS)?  Astrocytes / supports neurons, and forms BBB by anchoring blood vessels.  Microglia / immune cells in the CNS.  Oligodendrocytes / in PNS myelin production is done by Schwann cell. Correct  Choroid plexus The organ of hearing is the  eardrum. / external ear (otitis externa, swimmer’s ear).  organ of Corti / inner ear, cochlea. Correct  semicircular canals. /inner ear, vestibule  crista ampullaris. / important balance. This is not part of the inner ear. / 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)  Eustachian tube / middle ear => connects to pharynx (pharyngitis can lead to otitis media in children). Correct  Vestibule  Semicircular canal  Cochlea After leaving the eye, the optic nerve enters the brain and travels to the visual cortex in this lobe of the brain.  The frontal / movement, memory, thinking, judgement.  The parietal / sensation, comprehension, taste  The occipital Correct  The temporal / hearing The white of the eye is called the (yellow sclera => jaundice) (blue sclera => Osteogenesis imperfecta)  pupil. / the dark spot of the eye (opening)  iris. / responsible for fixation of light rays, eye color (melanocytes).  sclera. Correct  cornea. / transparent The following are the primary taste sensations except  sweet.  salty.  sour.  spicy. Correct Most hormones work on a negative feedback mechanism; an exception to this is the hormone  insulin. / glucagon