Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Capriotti, Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement regarding the sodium–potassium pump is correct?
1. The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions.
2. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
3. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell
compartment.
4. The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two
potassium ions.
ANS: 4
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 1
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump)
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions
and more soluble to potassium ions.
2 This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the
cell compartment.
3 This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside
the cell compartment.
4 This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two
potassium ions are pumped in.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
2. In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is
created in the presence of oxygen?
1. Dissipation of pyruvic acid
2. Initiation of the citric acid cycle
3. Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A
4. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid
ANS: 2
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
, Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Difficult
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces
significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid.
2 This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs
cycle, also called the citric acid cycle.
3 This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not
activated.
4 This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid,
which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such
as acidosis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism?
1. 2
2. 3
3. 34
4. 53
ANS: 3
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are
produced.
2 This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes
place in the plasma membrane.
3 This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the
maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs.
4 This is incorrect. Aerobic energy metabolism produces 34 ATPs, not 53.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
4. Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?
1. Ribosomes
, 2. Mitochondria
3. Ribonucleic acids
4. Deoxyribonucleic acids
ANS: 2
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the
ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
2 This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to
their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria
because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells
have fewer mitochondria.
3 This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
4 This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains
containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the
cell’s energy needs.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
5. Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is exercising?
1. Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein.
2. There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells.
3. The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise.
4. Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
ANS: 4
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in
the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to
exercise.
, 2 This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic
metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In
anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy.
3 This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is
noxious to cells and does not create energy.
4 This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to
create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of
mitochondria found in muscle cells.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
1. During endoplasmic reticulum stress
2. During the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
3. During a severe hypoxic state
4. During the processing of prohormone
ANS: 3
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during
endoplasmic reticulum stress.
2 This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not
interfere with protein synthesis.
3 This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the
ribosomal protein synthesis ceases.
4 This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease
the process of protein synthesis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
7. Which cellular organelles are responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the
lungs?
1. Cilia
2. Microfilaments
3. Secretory vesicles
4. Endoplasmic reticula
ANS: 1
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Capriotti, Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement regarding the sodium–potassium pump is correct?
1. The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions.
2. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
3. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell
compartment.
4. The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two
potassium ions.
ANS: 4
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 1
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump)
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions
and more soluble to potassium ions.
2 This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the
cell compartment.
3 This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside
the cell compartment.
4 This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two
potassium ions are pumped in.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
2. In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is
created in the presence of oxygen?
1. Dissipation of pyruvic acid
2. Initiation of the citric acid cycle
3. Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A
4. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid
ANS: 2
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
, Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Difficult
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces
significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid.
2 This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs
cycle, also called the citric acid cycle.
3 This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not
activated.
4 This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid,
which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such
as acidosis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism?
1. 2
2. 3
3. 34
4. 53
ANS: 3
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are
produced.
2 This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes
place in the plasma membrane.
3 This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the
maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs.
4 This is incorrect. Aerobic energy metabolism produces 34 ATPs, not 53.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
4. Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?
1. Ribosomes
, 2. Mitochondria
3. Ribonucleic acids
4. Deoxyribonucleic acids
ANS: 2
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the
ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
2 This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to
their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria
because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells
have fewer mitochondria.
3 This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
4 This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains
containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the
cell’s energy needs.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
5. Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is exercising?
1. Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein.
2. There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells.
3. The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise.
4. Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
ANS: 4
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in
the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to
exercise.
, 2 This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic
metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In
anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy.
3 This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is
noxious to cells and does not create energy.
4 This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to
create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of
mitochondria found in muscle cells.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
1. During endoplasmic reticulum stress
2. During the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
3. During a severe hypoxic state
4. During the processing of prohormone
ANS: 3
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during
endoplasmic reticulum stress.
2 This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not
interfere with protein synthesis.
3 This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the
ribosomal protein synthesis ceases.
4 This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease
the process of protein synthesis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
7. Which cellular organelles are responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the
lungs?
1. Cilia
2. Microfilaments
3. Secretory vesicles
4. Endoplasmic reticula
ANS: 1
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
