NUR 1023 EXAM 3: BASIC FLUID BALANCE, BASIC ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ASSESSMENT OF ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM, HYPOTHERMIA, HYPERTHERMIA & ASSESSMENT OF THE ABNORMAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TYPES OF DIETS:
Clear Liquids: Has limited nutrients and is used only for a short period of time.
o Clear juices that do not contain pulp, such as apple or cranberry juice, gelatin, popsicles, and clear broths.
o Clear liquid diets most commonly are ordered for patients with GI problems, before surgery and after surgery, and before some
diagnostic tests.
o The diet can provide calories and a fuel source (from the glucose), but is not nutritionally sound as it provides NO nutrients.
Full-Liquid Diets: Consist of foods that are or may become liquid at room or body temperature. Can be total nutrition.
o Full-liquid diets include juices with and without pulp, milk and milk products, yogurt, strained cream soups, and liquid dietary
supplements.
o Such diets are often used to advance patients who have GI disturbances, who have just had dental work performed, or who cannot
tolerate solid food.
Pureed Diets: Often referred to as blended, consist of food that is placed into a blender and made into a pulplike mixture.
o This type of diet is used for individuals who cannot safely chew or swallow solid food.
o The addition of raw eggs, nuts, and seeds should be avoided.
Mechanical Soft Diet: Include food consistencies that have been modified, such as ground meat or soft-cooked foods. Can be mashed with a
fork.
o They are used for those who have difficulty chewing effectively.
Thickened Liquids: Used for patients who have difficulty swallowing and are at risk for aspiration. Liquids can be thickened by adding a
commercially prepared thickening agent.
o Nuts, seeds, and other hard or raw foods should be avoided to decrease the risk for aspiration.
Diabetic (ADA) Diets: Prescribed to control the amount of calories by controlling the carbohydrate intake.
o Foods that have a high glycemic index and rapidly raise the body’s blood glucose concentration should be avoided.
o High-fiber complex carbohydrates from vegetables and fruits are preferred to simple carbohydrates, sugars, and starchy foods such as
bread or pie.
Cardiac Diets: Used to control the dietary intake of foods that contribute to conditions affecting the cardiovascular system.
o They typically consist of low-cholesterol and low-sodium dietary items.
o Cardiac diets minimize the intake of animal products, which contain cholesterol, and soups and processed foods such as pickles and
lunchmeats, which are high in sodium.
o Patients with hypertension, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, or similar diseases may be placed on some type of
cardiac (low-cholesterol, low-sodium) diet.
Renal Diets: Restrict potassium, sodium, protein, and phosphorus intake.
o Fresh fruits (except bananas) and vegetables are excellent dietary choices for people on a renal diet.
, o Meats, processed foods, and peanut butter, cheese, nuts, caramels, ice cream, and colas typically are allowed in limited quantities or
contraindicated.
BRAT Diet: Bananas, rice, applesauce and toast. Bland diet for those recovering from a stomach bug or diarrhea. It includes binding foods.
Low-Fiber & Low-Fat Diet: People with IBD and Crohn’s disease.
Iron Foods: Red meat, pork and poultry, seafood, beans, dark green leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-fortified cereals, breads, pastas, and
peas.
Potassium Foods: Beans, dark leafy greens, potatoes, squash, yogurt, fish, avocados, mushrooms, and bananas.
Diverticulitis Diet: High fiber foods are preferred such as: beans, whole grans, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, and hot cereals
Cholecystitis Foods To Avoid: Dairy products should be low fat. If possible, try to avoid whole milk products (butter, regular cheese, ice
cream, etc.), fried foods, and highly processed foods. A diet high in refined sugar also increases the risk of gallstones.
FLUID BALANCE:
Fluid Volume Overload S/S: Hypervolemia, JVD, edema, high BP, high HR, high RR
Fluid Volume Deficit S/S: Hypovolemia, dry mucus membranes, dry skin/sluggish turgor, low weight, concentrated urine, low BP, high HR
Ways to control fluid changes and assess them:
o Control fluid changes:
Drink 6-8 glasses of water a day
Watch electrolytes!
Either encourage or restrict fluids depending on fluid balance in the body
Diuretics & Antihypertensives
o Assessing:
2 lb weight gain = 1 L of fluid (24 hours)
5 lb weight gain in a week
Watch vitals, electrolytes, daily weights, and I&O
AVERAGE DAILY FLUID INTAKE AND OUTPUT
Intake (mL) Output (mL)
Fluids 1600 Urine 1500
Food 700 Feces 200
Metabolism 200 Skin/including perspiration 500
Lungs 300
Total Intake: 2500 Total Output: 2500
SYSTEM, HYPOTHERMIA, HYPERTHERMIA & ASSESSMENT OF THE ABNORMAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TYPES OF DIETS:
Clear Liquids: Has limited nutrients and is used only for a short period of time.
o Clear juices that do not contain pulp, such as apple or cranberry juice, gelatin, popsicles, and clear broths.
o Clear liquid diets most commonly are ordered for patients with GI problems, before surgery and after surgery, and before some
diagnostic tests.
o The diet can provide calories and a fuel source (from the glucose), but is not nutritionally sound as it provides NO nutrients.
Full-Liquid Diets: Consist of foods that are or may become liquid at room or body temperature. Can be total nutrition.
o Full-liquid diets include juices with and without pulp, milk and milk products, yogurt, strained cream soups, and liquid dietary
supplements.
o Such diets are often used to advance patients who have GI disturbances, who have just had dental work performed, or who cannot
tolerate solid food.
Pureed Diets: Often referred to as blended, consist of food that is placed into a blender and made into a pulplike mixture.
o This type of diet is used for individuals who cannot safely chew or swallow solid food.
o The addition of raw eggs, nuts, and seeds should be avoided.
Mechanical Soft Diet: Include food consistencies that have been modified, such as ground meat or soft-cooked foods. Can be mashed with a
fork.
o They are used for those who have difficulty chewing effectively.
Thickened Liquids: Used for patients who have difficulty swallowing and are at risk for aspiration. Liquids can be thickened by adding a
commercially prepared thickening agent.
o Nuts, seeds, and other hard or raw foods should be avoided to decrease the risk for aspiration.
Diabetic (ADA) Diets: Prescribed to control the amount of calories by controlling the carbohydrate intake.
o Foods that have a high glycemic index and rapidly raise the body’s blood glucose concentration should be avoided.
o High-fiber complex carbohydrates from vegetables and fruits are preferred to simple carbohydrates, sugars, and starchy foods such as
bread or pie.
Cardiac Diets: Used to control the dietary intake of foods that contribute to conditions affecting the cardiovascular system.
o They typically consist of low-cholesterol and low-sodium dietary items.
o Cardiac diets minimize the intake of animal products, which contain cholesterol, and soups and processed foods such as pickles and
lunchmeats, which are high in sodium.
o Patients with hypertension, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, or similar diseases may be placed on some type of
cardiac (low-cholesterol, low-sodium) diet.
Renal Diets: Restrict potassium, sodium, protein, and phosphorus intake.
o Fresh fruits (except bananas) and vegetables are excellent dietary choices for people on a renal diet.
, o Meats, processed foods, and peanut butter, cheese, nuts, caramels, ice cream, and colas typically are allowed in limited quantities or
contraindicated.
BRAT Diet: Bananas, rice, applesauce and toast. Bland diet for those recovering from a stomach bug or diarrhea. It includes binding foods.
Low-Fiber & Low-Fat Diet: People with IBD and Crohn’s disease.
Iron Foods: Red meat, pork and poultry, seafood, beans, dark green leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-fortified cereals, breads, pastas, and
peas.
Potassium Foods: Beans, dark leafy greens, potatoes, squash, yogurt, fish, avocados, mushrooms, and bananas.
Diverticulitis Diet: High fiber foods are preferred such as: beans, whole grans, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, and hot cereals
Cholecystitis Foods To Avoid: Dairy products should be low fat. If possible, try to avoid whole milk products (butter, regular cheese, ice
cream, etc.), fried foods, and highly processed foods. A diet high in refined sugar also increases the risk of gallstones.
FLUID BALANCE:
Fluid Volume Overload S/S: Hypervolemia, JVD, edema, high BP, high HR, high RR
Fluid Volume Deficit S/S: Hypovolemia, dry mucus membranes, dry skin/sluggish turgor, low weight, concentrated urine, low BP, high HR
Ways to control fluid changes and assess them:
o Control fluid changes:
Drink 6-8 glasses of water a day
Watch electrolytes!
Either encourage or restrict fluids depending on fluid balance in the body
Diuretics & Antihypertensives
o Assessing:
2 lb weight gain = 1 L of fluid (24 hours)
5 lb weight gain in a week
Watch vitals, electrolytes, daily weights, and I&O
AVERAGE DAILY FLUID INTAKE AND OUTPUT
Intake (mL) Output (mL)
Fluids 1600 Urine 1500
Food 700 Feces 200
Metabolism 200 Skin/including perspiration 500
Lungs 300
Total Intake: 2500 Total Output: 2500
