NUR2502 Exam 1 Focused Review
Please know labs for all diseases.
Name of Lab Range Notes
Albumin 3.4-5.4 g/dL • Without enough albumin, the body can't keep fluid
from leaking out blood vessels. Not having enough
albumin can also make it harder to move important
substances throughout the body.
• Higher than normal levels of albumin may indicate
dehydration or severe diarrhea
Blood urea 10-20 • Indicates the nitrogen portion of urea
nitrogen (BUN) • Elevated indicates a slowing of glomerular filtration
rate
• Below normal levels occur when there is a fluid
overload, malnutrition, severe liver damage, SIADH
Serum Male: 0.6-1.2 • Specific indicator of renal function
Creatinine mg/dL • Increased levels indicates a slowing of glomerular
filtration. Instruct pt not to eat red meats
Female: 0.5- • Below normal range occurs with decaying muscle
1.1 mg/dL
GFR 90- • Best indication for kidney function and stage of
120mL/min kidney disease
• High means higher rate of fluid going through the
kidney
• Low means lower rate of fluid going through the
kidney
Hematocrit Men: 39-50% • Percent of blood sample that was red cells
(HCT) Women: 35-
47%
Hemoglobin Men: 14-18 • Amount of protein that carries oxygen
grams/dL
Women: 12-
16 grams/dL
Platelets 150,000 to • Clot/coagulation
400,000 mm3 • Elevated can be caused by acute infections, chronic
granulocytic leukemia, collagen disorders,
polycythemia, postsplenectomy, etc
• Below normal values occur in the following: acute
leukemia, chemotherapy, disseminated intravascular
, coagulation, hemorrhage, infection, systemic lupus
erythematosus, thrombocytopenic purpura.
Prealbumin 16-40 mg/dL • High can be a sign of kidney problem
• Low levels is a sign of malnutrition
White blood 5000-10,000 • High means infection
cells mm3 • Low means susceptible to infection
• Normal = :)
1. Therapeutic communication
2. Remember your ABCs
3. Uterine leiomyoma - assessment (fibroid, myoma)
• Benign, slow-growing solid tumor that occurs front he overgrowth of smooth
muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
o Also called fibroids or myomas
o Position in uterus determines type
• Assess pelvic pressure, abdomen size, elimination patterns, dyspareunia (pain
during sex)
• Symptoms - range from heavy to no menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods,
periods
• Risk factors - genetics and no pregnancies
• Can be calcified
• Classified via layer
o Intramural – contained in the uterine wall in the myometrium
o Submucosal – protrude into the cavity of the uterus – can cause bleeding
and disrupt pregnancy
o Subserosal – protrude through the outer surface of the uterine wall – may
press on other organs
• Assessment
o How many tampons are you using in a day (Amanda says hour)
▪ To determine how much blood they are losing
▪ Do they have pelvic pressure
▪ Do they have constipation
▪ Do they have urinary retention
• KEY SYMPTOM IS HEAVY VAGINAL BLEEDING! “WINK WINK”
• Assess pelvic pressure, elimination patterns, abdomen size, dyspareunia
(painful intercourse), infertility
▪ This is due to the fibroid/myoma/leiomyoma pushing on the organs
• Pain is not going to kill you, hemorrhaging will
4. Erectile dysfunction- causes, treatment
Also called impotence, inability to achieve or maintain erection for sexual intercourse
• Organic ED
o Is it a problem within? medications? health? spinal injury?
• Functional ED
, o Psychological - what is going on in their lives that is causing this (stress?)
• Assessment
o History
o Serum hormone levels
o Doppler ultrasonography test
• Treatment
o Medications - teach about vasodilation effects (THEY CANT TAKE
NITRO)
o Vacuum constriction devices
o Injections with vasodilatong drugs
o Penline implants (prostheses)
5. Education related to treatment for HPV/cervical cancer
a. Most cases caused by HPV
b. Detected by pap smears
c. Begin paps by age 21
d. Watch for signs such as bleeding increasing in frequency and amount, watery pink
discharge, flank pain,
e. Look at chart 71-4
5. Breast cancer- preventative screenings, risk factors, diagnostic tests, education
Most common malignant condition, second leading cause of death in women
Prevention screening
• Mammography
• Breast self-awareness/examination
• Clinical breast examination
Risk Factors
• non-modifiable
o Family history
o Early menarche, late menopause
o increased age - both men and women
• Modifiable
o Nulliparity (never been pregnant) or first child born after 30yrs old
o Lack of breastfeeding
o Postmenopausal obestity
o Use of postmenopausal HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
o Alcohol consumption
o Mutations in BRCA1+2
• Lack of exercise
• Diet
• Breast implants
• Smoking
• Medications such as birth control and hormone therapy
• No pregnancies
Diagnostic tests:
• Mammography
Please know labs for all diseases.
Name of Lab Range Notes
Albumin 3.4-5.4 g/dL • Without enough albumin, the body can't keep fluid
from leaking out blood vessels. Not having enough
albumin can also make it harder to move important
substances throughout the body.
• Higher than normal levels of albumin may indicate
dehydration or severe diarrhea
Blood urea 10-20 • Indicates the nitrogen portion of urea
nitrogen (BUN) • Elevated indicates a slowing of glomerular filtration
rate
• Below normal levels occur when there is a fluid
overload, malnutrition, severe liver damage, SIADH
Serum Male: 0.6-1.2 • Specific indicator of renal function
Creatinine mg/dL • Increased levels indicates a slowing of glomerular
filtration. Instruct pt not to eat red meats
Female: 0.5- • Below normal range occurs with decaying muscle
1.1 mg/dL
GFR 90- • Best indication for kidney function and stage of
120mL/min kidney disease
• High means higher rate of fluid going through the
kidney
• Low means lower rate of fluid going through the
kidney
Hematocrit Men: 39-50% • Percent of blood sample that was red cells
(HCT) Women: 35-
47%
Hemoglobin Men: 14-18 • Amount of protein that carries oxygen
grams/dL
Women: 12-
16 grams/dL
Platelets 150,000 to • Clot/coagulation
400,000 mm3 • Elevated can be caused by acute infections, chronic
granulocytic leukemia, collagen disorders,
polycythemia, postsplenectomy, etc
• Below normal values occur in the following: acute
leukemia, chemotherapy, disseminated intravascular
, coagulation, hemorrhage, infection, systemic lupus
erythematosus, thrombocytopenic purpura.
Prealbumin 16-40 mg/dL • High can be a sign of kidney problem
• Low levels is a sign of malnutrition
White blood 5000-10,000 • High means infection
cells mm3 • Low means susceptible to infection
• Normal = :)
1. Therapeutic communication
2. Remember your ABCs
3. Uterine leiomyoma - assessment (fibroid, myoma)
• Benign, slow-growing solid tumor that occurs front he overgrowth of smooth
muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
o Also called fibroids or myomas
o Position in uterus determines type
• Assess pelvic pressure, abdomen size, elimination patterns, dyspareunia (pain
during sex)
• Symptoms - range from heavy to no menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods,
periods
• Risk factors - genetics and no pregnancies
• Can be calcified
• Classified via layer
o Intramural – contained in the uterine wall in the myometrium
o Submucosal – protrude into the cavity of the uterus – can cause bleeding
and disrupt pregnancy
o Subserosal – protrude through the outer surface of the uterine wall – may
press on other organs
• Assessment
o How many tampons are you using in a day (Amanda says hour)
▪ To determine how much blood they are losing
▪ Do they have pelvic pressure
▪ Do they have constipation
▪ Do they have urinary retention
• KEY SYMPTOM IS HEAVY VAGINAL BLEEDING! “WINK WINK”
• Assess pelvic pressure, elimination patterns, abdomen size, dyspareunia
(painful intercourse), infertility
▪ This is due to the fibroid/myoma/leiomyoma pushing on the organs
• Pain is not going to kill you, hemorrhaging will
4. Erectile dysfunction- causes, treatment
Also called impotence, inability to achieve or maintain erection for sexual intercourse
• Organic ED
o Is it a problem within? medications? health? spinal injury?
• Functional ED
, o Psychological - what is going on in their lives that is causing this (stress?)
• Assessment
o History
o Serum hormone levels
o Doppler ultrasonography test
• Treatment
o Medications - teach about vasodilation effects (THEY CANT TAKE
NITRO)
o Vacuum constriction devices
o Injections with vasodilatong drugs
o Penline implants (prostheses)
5. Education related to treatment for HPV/cervical cancer
a. Most cases caused by HPV
b. Detected by pap smears
c. Begin paps by age 21
d. Watch for signs such as bleeding increasing in frequency and amount, watery pink
discharge, flank pain,
e. Look at chart 71-4
5. Breast cancer- preventative screenings, risk factors, diagnostic tests, education
Most common malignant condition, second leading cause of death in women
Prevention screening
• Mammography
• Breast self-awareness/examination
• Clinical breast examination
Risk Factors
• non-modifiable
o Family history
o Early menarche, late menopause
o increased age - both men and women
• Modifiable
o Nulliparity (never been pregnant) or first child born after 30yrs old
o Lack of breastfeeding
o Postmenopausal obestity
o Use of postmenopausal HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
o Alcohol consumption
o Mutations in BRCA1+2
• Lack of exercise
• Diet
• Breast implants
• Smoking
• Medications such as birth control and hormone therapy
• No pregnancies
Diagnostic tests:
• Mammography
