WGU D574 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 278
UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ behavioral neuroscience.
Answer: the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and
developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience,
emphasizing the relationship between biology and psychology
◉ biological psychology.
Answer: also known as biopsychology, psychobiology, or
physiological psychology, this branch of psychology focuses on
understanding behavior through physiological, evolutionary, and
developmental mechanisms
◉ consciousness.
Answer: the state or quality of awareness, subjectivity, and
experience, particularly in the context of the mind-body problem
and its relationship to brain activity
◉ evolutionary explanation.
,Answer: the description of the evolutionary history of a structure or
behavior, highlighting modifications from ancestral species and
adaptive advantages
◉ functional explanation.
Answer: the description of why a structure or behavior evolved as it
did, identifying the adaptive benefits conferred by certain traits
◉ ontogenetic explanation.
Answer: the description of the developmental processes underlying
a behavior or trait, often involving genetic and environmental
influences during an organism's lifespan
◉ physiological explanation.
Answer: the description of the relationship between a behavior and
the activity of the brain and other bodily organs, focusing on the
biological mechanisms underlying behavior
◉ neuroethics.
Answer: The study of ethical issues arising from research in
neuroscience and related fields, including concerns about animal
research and human experimentation
◉ three R's.
,Answer: reduction, replacement, and refinement; legal standards for
animal research aimed at reducing the number of animals used,
finding alternatives to animal models when possible, and refining
procedures to minimize pain and distress
◉ astrocytes.
Answer: star-shaped glial cells that wrap around dendrites,
synchronize closely related neurons, and regulate blood flow in
active brain areas
◉ axon.
Answer: a thin fiber of constant diameter that conveys impulses
from one neuron to another
◉ glia.
Answer: non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons,
including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
◉ mitochondria.
Answer: organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) in cells,
which is crucial for brain function, cognition, and mental health
◉ myelin sheath.
, Answer: insulating material that surrounds and protects certain
vertebrate axons, improving the speed of nerve impulses
◉ neurons.
Answer: specialized cells responsible for receiving, processing, and
transmitting information in the nervous system
◉ soma.
Answer: the cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus, ribosomes,
and mitochondria
◉ synapse.
Answer: junction between two neurons where chemical signals are
transmitted from one neuron to another
◉ action potential.
Answer: messages sent by axons, characterized by depolarization of
the neuron membrane
◉ all-or-none law.
Answer: the principle stating that all action potentials, once
initiated, are approximately equal in amplitude and velocity,
regardless of the intensity of the stimulus
UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ behavioral neuroscience.
Answer: the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and
developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience,
emphasizing the relationship between biology and psychology
◉ biological psychology.
Answer: also known as biopsychology, psychobiology, or
physiological psychology, this branch of psychology focuses on
understanding behavior through physiological, evolutionary, and
developmental mechanisms
◉ consciousness.
Answer: the state or quality of awareness, subjectivity, and
experience, particularly in the context of the mind-body problem
and its relationship to brain activity
◉ evolutionary explanation.
,Answer: the description of the evolutionary history of a structure or
behavior, highlighting modifications from ancestral species and
adaptive advantages
◉ functional explanation.
Answer: the description of why a structure or behavior evolved as it
did, identifying the adaptive benefits conferred by certain traits
◉ ontogenetic explanation.
Answer: the description of the developmental processes underlying
a behavior or trait, often involving genetic and environmental
influences during an organism's lifespan
◉ physiological explanation.
Answer: the description of the relationship between a behavior and
the activity of the brain and other bodily organs, focusing on the
biological mechanisms underlying behavior
◉ neuroethics.
Answer: The study of ethical issues arising from research in
neuroscience and related fields, including concerns about animal
research and human experimentation
◉ three R's.
,Answer: reduction, replacement, and refinement; legal standards for
animal research aimed at reducing the number of animals used,
finding alternatives to animal models when possible, and refining
procedures to minimize pain and distress
◉ astrocytes.
Answer: star-shaped glial cells that wrap around dendrites,
synchronize closely related neurons, and regulate blood flow in
active brain areas
◉ axon.
Answer: a thin fiber of constant diameter that conveys impulses
from one neuron to another
◉ glia.
Answer: non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons,
including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
◉ mitochondria.
Answer: organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) in cells,
which is crucial for brain function, cognition, and mental health
◉ myelin sheath.
, Answer: insulating material that surrounds and protects certain
vertebrate axons, improving the speed of nerve impulses
◉ neurons.
Answer: specialized cells responsible for receiving, processing, and
transmitting information in the nervous system
◉ soma.
Answer: the cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus, ribosomes,
and mitochondria
◉ synapse.
Answer: junction between two neurons where chemical signals are
transmitted from one neuron to another
◉ action potential.
Answer: messages sent by axons, characterized by depolarization of
the neuron membrane
◉ all-or-none law.
Answer: the principle stating that all action potentials, once
initiated, are approximately equal in amplitude and velocity,
regardless of the intensity of the stimulus
