LEGL2105 Criminal Law 2026
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Adjudication - ANSWER ✔✔The process that leads to the making of
a legal decision
Civil law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law in the Canadian legal system
that is non-criminal; the term may also be used to describe world legal
systems that are based on foundations other than British common law;
most countries in Europe have civil law systems, as does the province of
Quebec in its provincial law
,Contract law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with legally
enforceable agreements made between parties that spell out their rights
and obligations in relation to each other in a particular transaction
Criminal law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with wrongs or
harm caused to society as a whole
-Generally prosecuted by the state or government.
-Body of law which regulates the repression of crime
-Category of public law that punishes behaviour that results in injury to
people and/or property
Four main Categories of Law - ANSWER ✔✔1. Public
2. Private
3. Substantive
4. Procedural
Intra vires - ANSWER ✔✔A Latin term meaning that a law has been
made within the authority of the law-making body
Onus of proof - ANSWER ✔✔The prosecutor in a criminal case or the
plaintiff in a civil case has the burden or onus to present enough
,evidence to win their case beyond a reasonable doubt or on the balance
of probabilities, respectively
Private law - ANSWER ✔✔-Body of law that deals with the legal
relationships between individuals or individuals and businesses;
-Includes contract law and tort law
Procedural law - ANSWER ✔✔-Provides details of the particular
steps/processes necessary to enforce the substantive law
-deals with areas such as the powers of the police to conduct an
investigation, the charging of the accused, bail procedures, etc.
Provincial offences - ANSWER ✔✔Offences created by provincial
legislatures to enforce certain regulatory laws that are within their
constitutional lawmaking authority; they are not criminal offences
Public law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with the relationship
between the government and individuals or businesses;
Includes Criminal law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Tax Law,
Quasi-Criminal Offences
3
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Quasi-criminal offences - ANSWER ✔✔Offences created to enforce
regulatory laws—they are not criminal offences but they have a number
of the features of criminal law; provincial offences are an example
Standard of proof - ANSWER ✔✔The legal level of proof that must be
established in a court case before the case may be won; the standard of
proof in a criminal case is beyond a reasonable doubt and in a non-
criminal case it is the lower standard of the balance of probabilities
Stare decisis - ANSWER ✔✔The legal principle used in the common
law by which the lower courts must follow the decisions, or precedents,
set by the higher courts when the facts of a case are generally the same
Substantive law - ANSWER ✔✔-sets out the rights and duties of
individuals
- In criminal law, substantive law establishes and defines the specific
elements of each offence and defence
Tort law - ANSWER ✔✔The body of law that deals with harm caused
to a person or their property by another for which the harmed person
may sue the wrongdoer for monetary compensation for the harm caused
Ultra vires - ANSWER ✔✔A Latin term meaning that a law has been
made outside the authority of the law-making body
Expert Verifed Ace the Test
Adjudication - ANSWER ✔✔The process that leads to the making of
a legal decision
Civil law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law in the Canadian legal system
that is non-criminal; the term may also be used to describe world legal
systems that are based on foundations other than British common law;
most countries in Europe have civil law systems, as does the province of
Quebec in its provincial law
,Contract law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with legally
enforceable agreements made between parties that spell out their rights
and obligations in relation to each other in a particular transaction
Criminal law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with wrongs or
harm caused to society as a whole
-Generally prosecuted by the state or government.
-Body of law which regulates the repression of crime
-Category of public law that punishes behaviour that results in injury to
people and/or property
Four main Categories of Law - ANSWER ✔✔1. Public
2. Private
3. Substantive
4. Procedural
Intra vires - ANSWER ✔✔A Latin term meaning that a law has been
made within the authority of the law-making body
Onus of proof - ANSWER ✔✔The prosecutor in a criminal case or the
plaintiff in a civil case has the burden or onus to present enough
,evidence to win their case beyond a reasonable doubt or on the balance
of probabilities, respectively
Private law - ANSWER ✔✔-Body of law that deals with the legal
relationships between individuals or individuals and businesses;
-Includes contract law and tort law
Procedural law - ANSWER ✔✔-Provides details of the particular
steps/processes necessary to enforce the substantive law
-deals with areas such as the powers of the police to conduct an
investigation, the charging of the accused, bail procedures, etc.
Provincial offences - ANSWER ✔✔Offences created by provincial
legislatures to enforce certain regulatory laws that are within their
constitutional lawmaking authority; they are not criminal offences
Public law - ANSWER ✔✔Body of law that deals with the relationship
between the government and individuals or businesses;
Includes Criminal law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Tax Law,
Quasi-Criminal Offences
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Quasi-criminal offences - ANSWER ✔✔Offences created to enforce
regulatory laws—they are not criminal offences but they have a number
of the features of criminal law; provincial offences are an example
Standard of proof - ANSWER ✔✔The legal level of proof that must be
established in a court case before the case may be won; the standard of
proof in a criminal case is beyond a reasonable doubt and in a non-
criminal case it is the lower standard of the balance of probabilities
Stare decisis - ANSWER ✔✔The legal principle used in the common
law by which the lower courts must follow the decisions, or precedents,
set by the higher courts when the facts of a case are generally the same
Substantive law - ANSWER ✔✔-sets out the rights and duties of
individuals
- In criminal law, substantive law establishes and defines the specific
elements of each offence and defence
Tort law - ANSWER ✔✔The body of law that deals with harm caused
to a person or their property by another for which the harmed person
may sue the wrongdoer for monetary compensation for the harm caused
Ultra vires - ANSWER ✔✔A Latin term meaning that a law has been
made outside the authority of the law-making body
