,Editor-in-Chief: Beth Wilbur
Senior Editorial Manager: Ginnie Simione Jutson
Senior Supplements Project Editor: Susan Berge
Managing Editor: Michael Early
Production Supervisor: Jane Brundage
Photo Editor: Donna Kalal
Manufacturing Buyers: Michael Early and Michael Penne
Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp
Production Services: S4Carlisle, Norine Strang
Composition: Tamarack Software. Inc.
Cover Designer: Yvo Riezebos Design
Text and Cover printer: Technical Communications Services
Cover Photo Credit: Magnolia Flower–Corbis. Photographer: Chris Fox
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-49431-3
ISBN-10: 0-321-49431-8
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,
please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave.,
Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim,
the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 —TCS— 10 09 08 07
www.aw-bc.com
,Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life 17
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 41
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 61
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 82
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell 110
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function 129
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism 150
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 172
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 200
Chapter 11 Cell Communication 220
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle 236
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 257
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 277
Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 301
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 321
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein 340
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 364
Chapter 19 Viruses 389
Chapter 20 Biotechnology 400
Chapter 21 Genomes and Their Evolution 420
Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life 430
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations 447
Chapter 24 The Origin of Species 472
Chapter 25 The History of Life on Earth 491
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 519
Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea 546
Chapter 28 Protists 571
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 595
Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 615
, Chapter 31 Fungi 642
Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 665
Chapter 33 Invertebrates 689
Chapter 34 Vertebrates 717
Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 744
Chapter 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants 764
Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition 784
Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology 805
Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 825
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 851
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition 869
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange 886
Chapter 43 The Immune System 905
Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 927
Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System 939
Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction 956
Chapter 47 Animal Development 976
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 993
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems 1007
Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1019
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior 1035
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 1054
Chapter 53 Population Ecology 1074
Chapter 54 Community Ecology 1102
Chapter 55 Ecosystems 1121
Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology 1144
Senior Editorial Manager: Ginnie Simione Jutson
Senior Supplements Project Editor: Susan Berge
Managing Editor: Michael Early
Production Supervisor: Jane Brundage
Photo Editor: Donna Kalal
Manufacturing Buyers: Michael Early and Michael Penne
Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp
Production Services: S4Carlisle, Norine Strang
Composition: Tamarack Software. Inc.
Cover Designer: Yvo Riezebos Design
Text and Cover printer: Technical Communications Services
Cover Photo Credit: Magnolia Flower–Corbis. Photographer: Chris Fox
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-49431-3
ISBN-10: 0-321-49431-8
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,
please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave.,
Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim,
the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 —TCS— 10 09 08 07
www.aw-bc.com
,Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life 17
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 41
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 61
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 82
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell 110
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function 129
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism 150
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 172
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 200
Chapter 11 Cell Communication 220
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle 236
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 257
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 277
Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 301
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 321
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein 340
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 364
Chapter 19 Viruses 389
Chapter 20 Biotechnology 400
Chapter 21 Genomes and Their Evolution 420
Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life 430
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations 447
Chapter 24 The Origin of Species 472
Chapter 25 The History of Life on Earth 491
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 519
Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea 546
Chapter 28 Protists 571
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 595
Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 615
, Chapter 31 Fungi 642
Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 665
Chapter 33 Invertebrates 689
Chapter 34 Vertebrates 717
Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 744
Chapter 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants 764
Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition 784
Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology 805
Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 825
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 851
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition 869
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange 886
Chapter 43 The Immune System 905
Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 927
Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System 939
Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction 956
Chapter 47 Animal Development 976
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 993
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems 1007
Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1019
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior 1035
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 1054
Chapter 53 Population Ecology 1074
Chapter 54 Community Ecology 1102
Chapter 55 Ecosystems 1121
Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology 1144
