ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set || A+ Graded Already.
According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based on the measurement
of bone density? correct answers 2.5 SD or more below the young adult peak bone density
What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density? correct answers DXA
Cancellous bone is also know as? correct answers Trabecular Bone
What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the best visual indication of
the degree of rotation of the proximal femur? correct answers Lesser Trochanter
Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an X or and H on a DXA
PA spine scan? correct answers L4
Is Forteo a bisphosphonate? correct answers NO
Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT) correct answers -measurements are volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________? correct answers Screening
What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis? correct answers Fracture
What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a quantitative manner to
predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture for both men and women? correct
answers FRAX
What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice? correct answers Technologist
What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton? correct answers 20 %
The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis because....... correct
answers rate of change in BMD is too slow
What site is mostly composed of cortical bone? correct answers Proximal forearm
What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD measurement? correct
answers -ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
,What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA? correct answers Iodine-125
What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in lumber spine DXA
images? correct answers TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur? correct answers after age 70
What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge? correct answers RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
New bone is formed by the ___________? correct answers osteoblasts
Cancellous bone is also known as _______________? correct answers Trabecular bone
How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan? correct answers Start at
L4 and count/label up
With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens? correct answers Increases the BMD
If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action? correct answers -repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD results are different
because.......... correct answers -different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct interaction with the
__________________ correct answers osteoclasts
Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction? correct answers proximal femur
What is one disease not associated with low BMD? correct answers osteopetrosis
DXA results may be influenced by......... correct answers -body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
,-scan mode
A great forearm scan should include....... correct answers -forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________. correct answers anthromomorphic phantoms
What is the formula used to calculate BMD? correct answers BMD = BMC/Area
How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit? correct answers everyday you scan
Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal x-rays/radiographs. Which site was
often used? correct answers metacarpals
With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used? correct answers continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the ________________________
effect. correct answers photoelectric
What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during a central DXA scan?
correct answers -less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry? correct answers reference values
reflect non-dominant arm measurements
When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed? correct answers the
neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
What is the bone edge detection methodology? correct answers it tests the machines ability to
distinguish bone from soft tissue
What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA units? correct answers
-energy shifting
-k-edge filters
, Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur? correct answers to
place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by.... correct answers reducing the activity of the osteoclasts
If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred site be for evaluation?
correct answers 33% or 1/3 of the forearm
What is important for serial monitoring? correct answers precision
What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of breast cancer and
elevated lipids? correct answers Evista (Raloxifene)
What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed? correct answers 1997
What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause? correct answers Primary Osteoporosis Type
1
What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling? correct answers -osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has antiestrogenic effects in other
tissue? correct answers Raloxifene
In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what age? correct answers 30
years
What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine is bought? correct
answers cross-calibration
Which acronym best describes the least amount of BMD change that can be statistically
significant? correct answers LSC
What are the 2 types of bone? correct answers -cortical
-trabecular
What parameters are used to calculate rate of change for a follow-up scan? correct answers BMD
The shoulders of a patient should be squared with their ________. correct answers pelvis
What are the preferred sites for the measurement of bone density in children? correct answers
spine and total body less head
According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based on the measurement
of bone density? correct answers 2.5 SD or more below the young adult peak bone density
What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density? correct answers DXA
Cancellous bone is also know as? correct answers Trabecular Bone
What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the best visual indication of
the degree of rotation of the proximal femur? correct answers Lesser Trochanter
Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an X or and H on a DXA
PA spine scan? correct answers L4
Is Forteo a bisphosphonate? correct answers NO
Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT) correct answers -measurements are volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________? correct answers Screening
What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis? correct answers Fracture
What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a quantitative manner to
predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture for both men and women? correct
answers FRAX
What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice? correct answers Technologist
What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton? correct answers 20 %
The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis because....... correct
answers rate of change in BMD is too slow
What site is mostly composed of cortical bone? correct answers Proximal forearm
What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD measurement? correct
answers -ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
,What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA? correct answers Iodine-125
What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in lumber spine DXA
images? correct answers TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur? correct answers after age 70
What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge? correct answers RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
New bone is formed by the ___________? correct answers osteoblasts
Cancellous bone is also known as _______________? correct answers Trabecular bone
How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan? correct answers Start at
L4 and count/label up
With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens? correct answers Increases the BMD
If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action? correct answers -repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD results are different
because.......... correct answers -different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct interaction with the
__________________ correct answers osteoclasts
Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction? correct answers proximal femur
What is one disease not associated with low BMD? correct answers osteopetrosis
DXA results may be influenced by......... correct answers -body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
,-scan mode
A great forearm scan should include....... correct answers -forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________. correct answers anthromomorphic phantoms
What is the formula used to calculate BMD? correct answers BMD = BMC/Area
How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit? correct answers everyday you scan
Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal x-rays/radiographs. Which site was
often used? correct answers metacarpals
With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used? correct answers continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the ________________________
effect. correct answers photoelectric
What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during a central DXA scan?
correct answers -less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry? correct answers reference values
reflect non-dominant arm measurements
When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed? correct answers the
neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
What is the bone edge detection methodology? correct answers it tests the machines ability to
distinguish bone from soft tissue
What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA units? correct answers
-energy shifting
-k-edge filters
, Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur? correct answers to
place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by.... correct answers reducing the activity of the osteoclasts
If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred site be for evaluation?
correct answers 33% or 1/3 of the forearm
What is important for serial monitoring? correct answers precision
What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of breast cancer and
elevated lipids? correct answers Evista (Raloxifene)
What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed? correct answers 1997
What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause? correct answers Primary Osteoporosis Type
1
What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling? correct answers -osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has antiestrogenic effects in other
tissue? correct answers Raloxifene
In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what age? correct answers 30
years
What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine is bought? correct
answers cross-calibration
Which acronym best describes the least amount of BMD change that can be statistically
significant? correct answers LSC
What are the 2 types of bone? correct answers -cortical
-trabecular
What parameters are used to calculate rate of change for a follow-up scan? correct answers BMD
The shoulders of a patient should be squared with their ________. correct answers pelvis
What are the preferred sites for the measurement of bone density in children? correct answers
spine and total body less head
