NR-283 Exam 1 (Latest Update 2026 /
2027) Pathophysiology Questions and
Verified Answers 100% Correct -
Chamberlain
Describe the locations of intracellular and extracellular fluids - correct answer
INTRACELLULAR FLUID: fluid contained within the cells
EXTRACELLULAR: includes all fluids outside the cells, such as blood, interstitial fluid,
CSF, digestive tract secretions, plural fluid, and lymph
Which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: intracellular fluid or extracellular
fluid? - correct answer intracellular fluid makes up the higher proportion of body fluid
How does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? - correct answer The
proportion of fluid in the body decreases throughout the lifespan
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - correct answer dehydration affects cell
function because the transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of wastes from
cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
,Is the function of sodium ion in the body? - correct answer Sodium ions help me teen
extracellular fluid (as the major cation exerting osmotic pressure), contribute to
neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance in metabolic processes
Describe the effect of hypernatremia on extracellular fluid volume and on intracellular
fluid volume - correct answer Hypernatremia tends to increase extracellular fluid
volume by drawing water out of the cells thus decreasing intracellular volume
State the primary location (compartment) of potassium - correct answer the primary
location of potassium is in the intracellular compartment
How are sodium and potassium levels controlled in the body? - correct answer i'll
Doster own in the kidney control sodium and potassium levels through the exchange of
Na+ and K+ in the renal tubes
Describe the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - correct answer Signs and
symptoms of hypocalcemia include skeletal muscle twitches and tetany numbness in
tingling in the face and fingers and weak cardiac contraction
Describe how a deficit of vitamin D would affect:
A. Bones
,B. Serum calcium level - correct answer A. Vitamin D deficit would lead to bone
demineralization and decrease bone density
B. A low serum calcium level
Explain how hypochloremia affects acid-base balance - correct answer
Hypochloremia leads to increased serum bicarbonate levels as bicarbonate moves out
of the red blood cells to maintain an electrochemical neutrality by making up for a low
chloride level. Increased serum bicarbonate results in higher serum ph or alkalosis
State the normal range for ph for:
A. Blood
B. Urine - correct answer A. Blood 7.35 - 7.45
B. Urine 4.5 - 8
Describe how very slow, shallow respirations are likely to affect:
A. PCO2
B. Serum ph - correct answer A. Increase PCO2
B. Decrease serum ph (increase carbonic acid)
, State 3 possible causes of metabolic acidosis - correct answer Metabolic acidosis may
occur with infection (increased BMR), renal disease (retention of acids), severe
vomiting or diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate and increased acids), starvation, or diabetic
ketoacidosis (increased acid production).
A diabeitc client is producing excess amounts of ketoacids.
A. Describe the effects of this excess on serum bicarbonate levels and serum ph.
B. Explain the possible compensation for this imbalance
C. Describe the signs of this compensation - correct answer A. Ketoacids bind with
bicarbonate ions, decreasing serum bicarbonate and serum ph.
B. Respirations increase. Kidneys excrete more acids and increase bicarbonate
production and reabsorption.
C. Rate and depth of breathing increase, and urine has a low ph (ph = 5).
The respirations that accompany metabolic acidosis are frequently called Kussmaul's
respirations or "air hunger". What is the purpose of such respirations - correct answer
Carbon dioxide or carbonic acid levels in the blood decrease, resulting in decreased
total acid levels in the body.
A person is found unconscious. He is wearing a Medic-Alert bracelet for diabetes and
his breath has the typical odor of acetone (ketoacids)
A. Predict the serum ph and the rationale for this prediction
2027) Pathophysiology Questions and
Verified Answers 100% Correct -
Chamberlain
Describe the locations of intracellular and extracellular fluids - correct answer
INTRACELLULAR FLUID: fluid contained within the cells
EXTRACELLULAR: includes all fluids outside the cells, such as blood, interstitial fluid,
CSF, digestive tract secretions, plural fluid, and lymph
Which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: intracellular fluid or extracellular
fluid? - correct answer intracellular fluid makes up the higher proportion of body fluid
How does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? - correct answer The
proportion of fluid in the body decreases throughout the lifespan
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - correct answer dehydration affects cell
function because the transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of wastes from
cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
,Is the function of sodium ion in the body? - correct answer Sodium ions help me teen
extracellular fluid (as the major cation exerting osmotic pressure), contribute to
neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance in metabolic processes
Describe the effect of hypernatremia on extracellular fluid volume and on intracellular
fluid volume - correct answer Hypernatremia tends to increase extracellular fluid
volume by drawing water out of the cells thus decreasing intracellular volume
State the primary location (compartment) of potassium - correct answer the primary
location of potassium is in the intracellular compartment
How are sodium and potassium levels controlled in the body? - correct answer i'll
Doster own in the kidney control sodium and potassium levels through the exchange of
Na+ and K+ in the renal tubes
Describe the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - correct answer Signs and
symptoms of hypocalcemia include skeletal muscle twitches and tetany numbness in
tingling in the face and fingers and weak cardiac contraction
Describe how a deficit of vitamin D would affect:
A. Bones
,B. Serum calcium level - correct answer A. Vitamin D deficit would lead to bone
demineralization and decrease bone density
B. A low serum calcium level
Explain how hypochloremia affects acid-base balance - correct answer
Hypochloremia leads to increased serum bicarbonate levels as bicarbonate moves out
of the red blood cells to maintain an electrochemical neutrality by making up for a low
chloride level. Increased serum bicarbonate results in higher serum ph or alkalosis
State the normal range for ph for:
A. Blood
B. Urine - correct answer A. Blood 7.35 - 7.45
B. Urine 4.5 - 8
Describe how very slow, shallow respirations are likely to affect:
A. PCO2
B. Serum ph - correct answer A. Increase PCO2
B. Decrease serum ph (increase carbonic acid)
, State 3 possible causes of metabolic acidosis - correct answer Metabolic acidosis may
occur with infection (increased BMR), renal disease (retention of acids), severe
vomiting or diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate and increased acids), starvation, or diabetic
ketoacidosis (increased acid production).
A diabeitc client is producing excess amounts of ketoacids.
A. Describe the effects of this excess on serum bicarbonate levels and serum ph.
B. Explain the possible compensation for this imbalance
C. Describe the signs of this compensation - correct answer A. Ketoacids bind with
bicarbonate ions, decreasing serum bicarbonate and serum ph.
B. Respirations increase. Kidneys excrete more acids and increase bicarbonate
production and reabsorption.
C. Rate and depth of breathing increase, and urine has a low ph (ph = 5).
The respirations that accompany metabolic acidosis are frequently called Kussmaul's
respirations or "air hunger". What is the purpose of such respirations - correct answer
Carbon dioxide or carbonic acid levels in the blood decrease, resulting in decreased
total acid levels in the body.
A person is found unconscious. He is wearing a Medic-Alert bracelet for diabetes and
his breath has the typical odor of acetone (ketoacids)
A. Predict the serum ph and the rationale for this prediction
