FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1. Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure–Function
Relationships
Question Stem
A student models the human body as a hierarchy in which
changes at one level alter performance at higher levels. During
a lab activity, the student removes a layer of tissue from a
virtual organ and observes a loss of system-level function.
Which reasoning best explains why this disruption occurs?
,Options
A. Organs function independently of tissue-level organization
once fully developed
B. Tissue structure determines how cells coordinate to support
organ function
C. Systems compensate automatically for all tissue-level
changes
D. Cellular specialization is unrelated to organ performance
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: Tissue organization reflects coordinated cellular
specialization, which directly supports organ-level function.
When tissue integrity is disrupted, the organ’s ability to perform
its role within a system declines, demonstrating hierarchical
dependence. Structure at lower levels enables function at
higher levels through organized interaction.
Incorrect A: This ignores the dependence of organs on properly
organized tissues for physiological performance.
Incorrect C: Homeostatic mechanisms have limits and cannot
compensate for structural disruption at all levels.
Incorrect D: Cellular specialization is foundational to tissue and
organ function.
Teaching Point
Lower-level structure governs higher-level physiological
function.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2. Reference
Ch. 1 — Homeostasis — Feedback Mechanisms
Question Stem
A simulation shows body temperature rising above normal.
Sensors detect the change and trigger responses that return
temperature to its original range. Which feature of this process
best distinguishes negative feedback from positive feedback?
Options
A. The response amplifies the original stimulus
B. The response reduces the initial change
C. The system ignores the stimulus once detected
D. The response occurs only at the cellular level
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: Negative feedback reverses deviations from a set point
by reducing the original stimulus, promoting stability. This
mechanism is central to maintaining internal balance in
physiological systems. Structure–function integration ensures
coordinated detection and response.
Incorrect A: Amplification describes positive feedback, not
, negative feedback.
Incorrect C: Ignoring a stimulus would disrupt homeostatic
regulation.
Incorrect D: Feedback responses involve multiple organizational
levels.
Teaching Point
Negative feedback counters change to maintain stability.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
3. Reference
Ch. 1 — Anatomical vs. Physiological Viewpoints
Question Stem
A student describes how the heart pumps blood through
vessels and explains how this flow supports oxygen delivery.
Which combination of perspectives is being used?
Options
A. Anatomical only
B. Physiological only
C. Anatomical and physiological
D. Developmental only
Correct Answer
C
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1. Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure–Function
Relationships
Question Stem
A student models the human body as a hierarchy in which
changes at one level alter performance at higher levels. During
a lab activity, the student removes a layer of tissue from a
virtual organ and observes a loss of system-level function.
Which reasoning best explains why this disruption occurs?
,Options
A. Organs function independently of tissue-level organization
once fully developed
B. Tissue structure determines how cells coordinate to support
organ function
C. Systems compensate automatically for all tissue-level
changes
D. Cellular specialization is unrelated to organ performance
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: Tissue organization reflects coordinated cellular
specialization, which directly supports organ-level function.
When tissue integrity is disrupted, the organ’s ability to perform
its role within a system declines, demonstrating hierarchical
dependence. Structure at lower levels enables function at
higher levels through organized interaction.
Incorrect A: This ignores the dependence of organs on properly
organized tissues for physiological performance.
Incorrect C: Homeostatic mechanisms have limits and cannot
compensate for structural disruption at all levels.
Incorrect D: Cellular specialization is foundational to tissue and
organ function.
Teaching Point
Lower-level structure governs higher-level physiological
function.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2. Reference
Ch. 1 — Homeostasis — Feedback Mechanisms
Question Stem
A simulation shows body temperature rising above normal.
Sensors detect the change and trigger responses that return
temperature to its original range. Which feature of this process
best distinguishes negative feedback from positive feedback?
Options
A. The response amplifies the original stimulus
B. The response reduces the initial change
C. The system ignores the stimulus once detected
D. The response occurs only at the cellular level
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: Negative feedback reverses deviations from a set point
by reducing the original stimulus, promoting stability. This
mechanism is central to maintaining internal balance in
physiological systems. Structure–function integration ensures
coordinated detection and response.
Incorrect A: Amplification describes positive feedback, not
, negative feedback.
Incorrect C: Ignoring a stimulus would disrupt homeostatic
regulation.
Incorrect D: Feedback responses involve multiple organizational
levels.
Teaching Point
Negative feedback counters change to maintain stability.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
3. Reference
Ch. 1 — Anatomical vs. Physiological Viewpoints
Question Stem
A student describes how the heart pumps blood through
vessels and explains how this flow supports oxygen delivery.
Which combination of perspectives is being used?
Options
A. Anatomical only
B. Physiological only
C. Anatomical and physiological
D. Developmental only
Correct Answer
C
