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Clicker Questions
1. Where do you think you would find more mitochondria than other parts in the human
body?
a. Kidney Cell
b. Sperm Cell
c. Heart Muscle Cell
d. Liver Cell
2. Let’s imagine a scientist discovered a mutation that causes cells of California otters to not
form any of the cytoskeleton structures. What would happen in these mutated otter cells?
3. A functional group that releases energy when removed by hydrolysis is the _______
group.
a. Phosphate
b. Amino
c. Sulfhydryl
d. Hydroxyl
e. Saccharide
4. You discover a new cellular structure that is soluble in ether, a nonpolar organic solvent,
but it is not soluble in water. Based on this information, to which class of biological
macromolecules does it most likely belong?
a. Nucleic Acids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Lipids
5. Which amino acids would most likely be a part of the transmembrane domain of a protein
that is exposed to the inside of the plasma membrane?
a. Glycine and leucine
b. Glycine and serine
c. Cysteine and leucine
d. Leucine and arginine
e. Arginine and cysteine
6. Specialized cells in the heart are able to maintain a rhythmic heartbeat due to the rapid
spread of electrical current through
a. tight junctions
b. desmosomes
c. neurons
d. channel proteins
e. gap junctions
BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf 2026/2027
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7. Vitamin D is a relatively small, lipid-soluble molecule that can behave as a hormone. Its
receptor, therefore, most likely
a. is an ion channel receptor
b. is a protein kinase receptor
c. involves a G protein
d. is located inside the cell
e. does not exist, since the molecule can diffuse across the cell membrane
8. The table summarizes results of using hexokinase as a catalyst for a reaction between
glucose and ATP. Different sugars were substituted for glucose, and the reaction rate was
measured and divided by the glucose substrate reaction rate. For example, Mannose was
40%, so 40/100 (glucose) = 0.4
Which statement about enzymes is the best statement that aligns with the data and
evidence in this table?
a. Enzymes are able to speed up a reaction by lowering its activation energy.
b. Enzymes display high specificity with respect to their substrates. (See notes in
this slide about this question)
c. Enzymes often require cofactors and/or coenzymes in addition to their substrates.
d. Enzymes bind substrates at their active sites using noncovalent forces of
attraction.
e. Enzymes lower activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the substrate’s
transition state.
9. During the energy-investing portion of glycolysis, the phosphates from ATP molecules
are
a. added to carbon atoms to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
b. added to carbon atoms to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
c. wasted as an energy investment in glucose.
d. used to make pyruvate from glucose.
e. used to make lactate from glucose.
10. Which terms belong in the numbered boxes?
a. 1 = reduction; 2 = reduction; 3 = oxidation; 4 = oxidation
b. 1 = oxidation; 2 = oxidation; 3 = reduction; 4 = reduction
c. 1 = reduction; 2 = oxidation; 3 = reduction; 4 = oxidation
d. 1 = oxidation; 2 = reduction; 3 = oxidation; 4 = reduction
e. 1 = oxidation; 2 = reduction; 3 = reduction; 4 = oxidation
BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf 2026/2027
Clicker Questions
1. Where do you think you would find more mitochondria than other parts in the human
body?
a. Kidney Cell
b. Sperm Cell
c. Heart Muscle Cell
d. Liver Cell
2. Let’s imagine a scientist discovered a mutation that causes cells of California otters to not
form any of the cytoskeleton structures. What would happen in these mutated otter cells?
3. A functional group that releases energy when removed by hydrolysis is the _______
group.
a. Phosphate
b. Amino
c. Sulfhydryl
d. Hydroxyl
e. Saccharide
4. You discover a new cellular structure that is soluble in ether, a nonpolar organic solvent,
but it is not soluble in water. Based on this information, to which class of biological
macromolecules does it most likely belong?
a. Nucleic Acids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Lipids
5. Which amino acids would most likely be a part of the transmembrane domain of a protein
that is exposed to the inside of the plasma membrane?
a. Glycine and leucine
b. Glycine and serine
c. Cysteine and leucine
d. Leucine and arginine
e. Arginine and cysteine
6. Specialized cells in the heart are able to maintain a rhythmic heartbeat due to the rapid
spread of electrical current through
a. tight junctions
b. desmosomes
c. neurons
d. channel proteins
e. gap junctions
BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf 2026/2027
, BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf Page 2 of 15 BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf
7. Vitamin D is a relatively small, lipid-soluble molecule that can behave as a hormone. Its
receptor, therefore, most likely
a. is an ion channel receptor
b. is a protein kinase receptor
c. involves a G protein
d. is located inside the cell
e. does not exist, since the molecule can diffuse across the cell membrane
8. The table summarizes results of using hexokinase as a catalyst for a reaction between
glucose and ATP. Different sugars were substituted for glucose, and the reaction rate was
measured and divided by the glucose substrate reaction rate. For example, Mannose was
40%, so 40/100 (glucose) = 0.4
Which statement about enzymes is the best statement that aligns with the data and
evidence in this table?
a. Enzymes are able to speed up a reaction by lowering its activation energy.
b. Enzymes display high specificity with respect to their substrates. (See notes in
this slide about this question)
c. Enzymes often require cofactors and/or coenzymes in addition to their substrates.
d. Enzymes bind substrates at their active sites using noncovalent forces of
attraction.
e. Enzymes lower activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the substrate’s
transition state.
9. During the energy-investing portion of glycolysis, the phosphates from ATP molecules
are
a. added to carbon atoms to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
b. added to carbon atoms to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
c. wasted as an energy investment in glucose.
d. used to make pyruvate from glucose.
e. used to make lactate from glucose.
10. Which terms belong in the numbered boxes?
a. 1 = reduction; 2 = reduction; 3 = oxidation; 4 = oxidation
b. 1 = oxidation; 2 = oxidation; 3 = reduction; 4 = reduction
c. 1 = reduction; 2 = oxidation; 3 = reduction; 4 = oxidation
d. 1 = oxidation; 2 = reduction; 3 = oxidation; 4 = reduction
e. 1 = oxidation; 2 = reduction; 3 = reduction; 4 = oxidation
BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf BiologyStudy_Guide.docx.pdf 2026/2027
