1
Chapter 4: Introduction to Clinical
Pharmacology 2026 Latest Questions
and Answers (100% Expert Answers)
A+
Pharmacodynamics [ Ans: ] The study of a medication's mechanism of
action and the effects the medication has on the body
Pharmacokinetics [ Ans: ] Study of how a drug is processed by the body,
with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action,
distribution, and method of excretion
Drug distribution and elimination [ Ans: ] Drug delivery systems, route of
administration, modes of excretion
Drug [ Ans: ] Any substance (other than food or device intended for use
in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease)
© 2026
intended to affect the structure or function of the body
Pharmacology [ Ans: ] The study of medicine
Allergic reaction [ Ans: ] An acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to
a foreign substance
MAR [ Ans: ] Medication administration record
Anaphylaxis [ Ans: ] A severe type of allergic reaction that involves the
massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of
inflammation that can lead to lifethreatening shock
Therapeutics [ Ans: ] The branch of medicine concerned with the
prevention of disease and treatment of suffering
Biologics [ Ans: ] Agents naturally produced in animal cells, by
microorganisms, or by the body itself. i.e., hormones, vaccines
, 2
Cell membrane [ Ans: ] A barrier that selectively facilitates or blocks
entry and exit of various substances into and out of the cell such as
drugs, nutrients, and waste
Cell membrane receptors [ Ans: ] Specific molecules on the cell
membrane surface that produce or block biological activity in the
presence of specific substances to which they bind
Nucleus [ Ans: ] The brain of the cell that regulates all activities
Cytoplasm [ Ans: ] The substance inside the outer membrane and outside
of the nucleus. This contains most of the intracellular fluid
Extracellular Fluid [ Ans: ] Body fluid located between or outside cells.
Consists of interstitial fluid or fluid between cells and intravascular fluid
Tissues [ Ans: ] A group of similarly specialized cells that perform the
same function
© 2026
Organs [ Ans: ] Specialized cells and tissues grouped together to perform
a specific body function for a common purpose
Muscle tissue [ Ans: ] The 3 types are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Plasma [ Ans: ] The liquid portion of the blood that carries proteins and
other substances
Cardiovascular system [ Ans: ] Consists of the heart, the blood vessels,
and the blood itself. The body's main transportation system. It provides
nutrients and hormones, and removes waste from the cells
Respiratory system [ Ans: ] Consists of the nasal passages, the trachea,
the diaphragm, and the lungs. It performs the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the body and the environment
Gastrointestinal system [ Ans: ] Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.
Used by the body to acquire the energy and nutrients it needs to sustain
itself
Chapter 4: Introduction to Clinical
Pharmacology 2026 Latest Questions
and Answers (100% Expert Answers)
A+
Pharmacodynamics [ Ans: ] The study of a medication's mechanism of
action and the effects the medication has on the body
Pharmacokinetics [ Ans: ] Study of how a drug is processed by the body,
with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action,
distribution, and method of excretion
Drug distribution and elimination [ Ans: ] Drug delivery systems, route of
administration, modes of excretion
Drug [ Ans: ] Any substance (other than food or device intended for use
in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease)
© 2026
intended to affect the structure or function of the body
Pharmacology [ Ans: ] The study of medicine
Allergic reaction [ Ans: ] An acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to
a foreign substance
MAR [ Ans: ] Medication administration record
Anaphylaxis [ Ans: ] A severe type of allergic reaction that involves the
massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of
inflammation that can lead to lifethreatening shock
Therapeutics [ Ans: ] The branch of medicine concerned with the
prevention of disease and treatment of suffering
Biologics [ Ans: ] Agents naturally produced in animal cells, by
microorganisms, or by the body itself. i.e., hormones, vaccines
, 2
Cell membrane [ Ans: ] A barrier that selectively facilitates or blocks
entry and exit of various substances into and out of the cell such as
drugs, nutrients, and waste
Cell membrane receptors [ Ans: ] Specific molecules on the cell
membrane surface that produce or block biological activity in the
presence of specific substances to which they bind
Nucleus [ Ans: ] The brain of the cell that regulates all activities
Cytoplasm [ Ans: ] The substance inside the outer membrane and outside
of the nucleus. This contains most of the intracellular fluid
Extracellular Fluid [ Ans: ] Body fluid located between or outside cells.
Consists of interstitial fluid or fluid between cells and intravascular fluid
Tissues [ Ans: ] A group of similarly specialized cells that perform the
same function
© 2026
Organs [ Ans: ] Specialized cells and tissues grouped together to perform
a specific body function for a common purpose
Muscle tissue [ Ans: ] The 3 types are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Plasma [ Ans: ] The liquid portion of the blood that carries proteins and
other substances
Cardiovascular system [ Ans: ] Consists of the heart, the blood vessels,
and the blood itself. The body's main transportation system. It provides
nutrients and hormones, and removes waste from the cells
Respiratory system [ Ans: ] Consists of the nasal passages, the trachea,
the diaphragm, and the lungs. It performs the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the body and the environment
Gastrointestinal system [ Ans: ] Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.
Used by the body to acquire the energy and nutrients it needs to sustain
itself
