NOCTI CYBERSECURITY FUNDAMENTALS
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE ANSWERS ACCURATE
⫸ planning Answer: a management function that includes anticipating
trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve
organizational goals and objectives
⫸ organizing Answer: a management function that includes designing
the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in
which everyone and everything work together to achieve the
organizations goals and objectives
⫸ leading Answer: creating a vision for the organization and guiding,
training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve
the organizations goals and objectives
⫸ controlling Answer: a management function that involves
establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization
is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for
doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not
⫸ vision Answer: an encompassing explanation of why the organization
exists and where it's trying to head
,⫸ mission statement Answer: an outline of the fundamental purpose of
an organization
⫸ goals Answer: the broad, long term accomplishments an organization
wishes to attain
⫸ objectives Answer: specific, short term statements detailing how to
achieve the organizations goals
⫸ SWOT analysis Answer: SWOT = Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats; a planning tool used to analyze an
organizations strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats
⫸ strategic planning Answer: the process of determining the major
goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining
and using resources to achieve those goals
⫸ tactical planning Answer: the process of developing detailed, short
term statements about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to
be done
⫸ operational planning Answer: the process of setting work standards
and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives
,⫸ contingency planning Answer: the process of preparing alternative
courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don't achieve the
organizations objectives
⫸ decision making Answer: choosing among two or more alternatives
⫸ problem solving Answer: the process of solving the everyday
problems that occur. problem solving is less formal than decision
making and usually calls for quicker action
⫸ brainstorming Answer: coming up with as many solutions to a
problem as possible in a short period of time with no censoring of ideas
⫸ PMI Answer: PMI = Pluses, Minuses, Implications; listing all the
pluses for a solution in one column, all the minuses in another, and the
implications in a third column
⫸ organization chart Answer: a visual device that shows relationships
among people and divides the organizatins work; it shows who is
accountable for the completion of specific work and who reports to
whom
⫸ top management Answer: highest level of management, consisting of
the president and other key company executives who develop strategic
plans
, ⫸ middle management Answer: the level of management that includes
general managers, dividsion managers, and branch and plant managers
who are responsible for tactical planning and controlling
⫸ supervisory management Answer: managers who are directly
responsible for supervising workers and evaluating their daily
performance
⫸ technical skills Answer: skills that involve the ability to perform tasks
in a specific discipline or department
⫸ human relations skills Answer: skills that involve communication and
motivation; they enable managers to work through and with people
⫸ conceptual skills Answer: skills that involve the ability to picture the
organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts
⫸ staffing Answer: a management function that includes hiring,
motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the
company's objectives
⫸ autocratic leadership Answer: leadership style that involves making
managerial decisions without consulting others
⫸ participative (democratic) leadership Answer: leadership style that
consists of managers and employees working together to make decisions
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE ANSWERS ACCURATE
⫸ planning Answer: a management function that includes anticipating
trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve
organizational goals and objectives
⫸ organizing Answer: a management function that includes designing
the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in
which everyone and everything work together to achieve the
organizations goals and objectives
⫸ leading Answer: creating a vision for the organization and guiding,
training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve
the organizations goals and objectives
⫸ controlling Answer: a management function that involves
establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization
is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for
doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not
⫸ vision Answer: an encompassing explanation of why the organization
exists and where it's trying to head
,⫸ mission statement Answer: an outline of the fundamental purpose of
an organization
⫸ goals Answer: the broad, long term accomplishments an organization
wishes to attain
⫸ objectives Answer: specific, short term statements detailing how to
achieve the organizations goals
⫸ SWOT analysis Answer: SWOT = Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats; a planning tool used to analyze an
organizations strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats
⫸ strategic planning Answer: the process of determining the major
goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining
and using resources to achieve those goals
⫸ tactical planning Answer: the process of developing detailed, short
term statements about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to
be done
⫸ operational planning Answer: the process of setting work standards
and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives
,⫸ contingency planning Answer: the process of preparing alternative
courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don't achieve the
organizations objectives
⫸ decision making Answer: choosing among two or more alternatives
⫸ problem solving Answer: the process of solving the everyday
problems that occur. problem solving is less formal than decision
making and usually calls for quicker action
⫸ brainstorming Answer: coming up with as many solutions to a
problem as possible in a short period of time with no censoring of ideas
⫸ PMI Answer: PMI = Pluses, Minuses, Implications; listing all the
pluses for a solution in one column, all the minuses in another, and the
implications in a third column
⫸ organization chart Answer: a visual device that shows relationships
among people and divides the organizatins work; it shows who is
accountable for the completion of specific work and who reports to
whom
⫸ top management Answer: highest level of management, consisting of
the president and other key company executives who develop strategic
plans
, ⫸ middle management Answer: the level of management that includes
general managers, dividsion managers, and branch and plant managers
who are responsible for tactical planning and controlling
⫸ supervisory management Answer: managers who are directly
responsible for supervising workers and evaluating their daily
performance
⫸ technical skills Answer: skills that involve the ability to perform tasks
in a specific discipline or department
⫸ human relations skills Answer: skills that involve communication and
motivation; they enable managers to work through and with people
⫸ conceptual skills Answer: skills that involve the ability to picture the
organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts
⫸ staffing Answer: a management function that includes hiring,
motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the
company's objectives
⫸ autocratic leadership Answer: leadership style that involves making
managerial decisions without consulting others
⫸ participative (democratic) leadership Answer: leadership style that
consists of managers and employees working together to make decisions
