A-Level EDEXCEL 2025 Geography Paper 2: (2025/2026) LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS

A-Level EDEXCEL 2025 Geography Paper 2: (2025/2026) LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS 1. longshore drift - ANSWER The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming into shore at an angle. the uk moves material from west to east 2. how are beaches formed - ANSWER when material is transported by longshore drift and deposited by constructive waves. 3. holderness coastline - ANSWER agriculture, settlement 4. where are sandy beaches found - ANSWER sheltered bays, they have shallow gradients 5. drainage basin of a river - ANSWER source • tributary • confluence • drainage basin • watershed • main river channel • mouth 6. spit - ANSWER narrow ridge of shingle stretching out into coastline, forms due to longshore drift at a change of coastline. shingle gets deposited 7. where are pebble beaches formed - ANSWER areas where cliffs have been eroded by high energy waves, they have a steep gradient 8. bar - ANSWER ridge of shingle that extends across a bay/rive mouth. behind it, fresh/saltwater forms a lagoon. 9. settlement affecting the coastline - ANSWER 20million people live near the coast. 29 villages lost due to coastal erosion 10. tourism affecting the coastline - ANSWER 13% jobs at Dawlish are tourism. coasts often managed for tourists (with groynes etc) 11. sea wall - ANSWER -protects base of cliff. made of resistant concrete that deflects energy -expensive and ugly, restricts access 12. infrastructure affecting the coastline - ANSWER roads/railways/shipping ports/oil refineries. esso sees 2000 ships dock every year construction affecting the coastline - ANSWER dredging the sea to construct ports can have adverse affects on wildlife. they can also adjust the sediment cells agriculture affecting the coastline - ANSWER farmland will be impacted due to sea level rise because of increased coastal erosion because it's low economic value and low priority in management bournemouth beach - ANSWER tourism, settlement and infrastructure southampton port - ANSWER settlement, infrastructure, construction how was dawlish affected by coastal erosion - ANSWER south devon roads, railways, homes damaged due to storms in 2014 What are disamenity zones in Mexico City? - ANSWER -The poorest areas which are often ran by drug lord with shanty towns and slums What are the reasons for variable population growth in Mexico City? - ANSWER -Rural-to-Urban migration: People left the countryside in search of jobs, better housing, school and better healthcare wanting to escape poverty -Rates of natural increase: A fall in death rate between caused a natural increase in population growth -Economic Investment and growth: One reason for the attraction of Mexico City to migrants from the countryside was the growth in job opportunities in factories and offices as economic investment was channelled into the city What are the causes of National Migration in Mexico City? - ANSWER Many people migrate from poorer areas with low literacy rates, bad housing and lack of clean water. Over 82% of people in Mexico City have access to clean water What are the reasons for international migration in Mexico City? - ANSWER People are moving the M.City from Europe, USA and Japan because of the growth of jobs in new facotories and offices. Cultural life and domination of services attract other people as well What is the impact of migration in Mexico City? - ANSWER -Increased pressure on housing, more people are having to build there homes in shanty towns -More arrivals of people from other countries such as the USA, France and Germany. Most of these people live inricher homes close to the city centre -Slum areas beyond the city are badly overcrowded and property is demolished, forcing people to seek resettlement -The government has begun a programme of home building, mostly in the suburbs towards the eastern and southern edges of the city What is informal economy? - ANSWER the part of the economy that isn't taxed nor monitored by the government. Money is handed in cash e.g car repairs and car washing, sweet selling What are the reasons for difference in quality of life in Mexico City? - ANSWER Income: Some people are very poor and have to live in slums or rubbish dumps. Average income was $13,000 per household. Top 20% make 13 times more than the bottom 20% Arrival from the countryside: People who have recently arrived into Mexico City from rural areas are usually quite poor and have to live in slums Political Power: Wealthier people have lots of political power and are able to get better houses Working hours: Poorer people have long working hours, 29% of employees work long hours compared to 13% in other developing/emerging countries How is water supply a challenge in Mexico City? - ANSWER 70% of the water in the city comes from 4280 wells which are running dry, as water is extracted, land sinks and buildings, power and sewage lines are broken How is Housing a challenge in Mexico City? - ANSWER -Poorest people arrive from the countryside and are forced to live in slums and rubbish sites -Migrants who have a job and have been in the city longer live in blocks of flats closer to the city centre -Richer areas are increasingly becoming gated communities with the increasing fear of crime, kidnapping and drug wars -The government is trying to provide some housing by building lower income housing developments on the edge of the city Describe Under-employment and informal employment in Mexico City - ANSWER -An estimated 60% of jobs are in the informal economy -25% of taxis are unofficial -the informal economy can lead to employment being insecure and can lead to workers being overexploited. It is also hard for governments to tax people -Water sellers, street musicians are all informal economy, low paid people Describe the Mexico Cities air pollution measures - ANSWER 1. Prohibiting Drivers from using their cars one day per week Advantage: less traffic = less pollution Disadvantage: People get around it by buying 2 cars 2.Metrobus programme replaced old polluting buses with new ones Advantage: New buses have reduced carbon monoxide and particulates by 50% since 2005 Disadvantages: New Buses are expensive and fares rise 3.Building a new $2 billion underground train line Advantages: Reduces the number of cars Cuts the average commuting time from 150 minutes to 78 Disadvantages: Very Expensive to build Describe air pollution in Mexico City - ANSWER -In the 1970s, M.City was seen as having major air pollution problems. -The city is surrounded by mountains on 3 sides preventing the dispersal of pollutants such as ozone, carbon monoxide and microparticulates -Dried up lake beds adds dust People living in the city suffer from runny eyes, sore throats and respiratory diseases, a main source of pollution was exhaust fumes Describe waste pollution in Mexico City - ANSWER -Every day, Mexico City produces 13,000 tonnes of rubbish. The rubbish removal system can only remove 9,000 tonnes -The rest of the rubbish is dumped into streets, waterways and drains where it clogs the system -70 million tonnes of rubbish have been buried beneath waste dumps and are now polluting water supplies What are bottom-up strategies for making Mexico City more sustainable - ANSWER -Community based initiatives in Mexico City can be seen in the area of Neza in the south-eastern outskirts of the city, a small group of migrants planned to develop the area in an organised way -They were able to raise small amounts of money through savings, built schools and improved the area through volunteer work -The next step was to open a health centre and supported a self-build centre for people arriving from the countryside, in turn reducing crime rates What are the advantages of small-scale community developments - ANSWER -People feel involved and are likely to go on supporting them after the interest has faded -Do not take long to get going -Do not need a lot of money -Do not need a lot of people initially What are the disadvantages of small-scale community developments - ANSWER -Do not have a lot of money, so they are unable to scale up -Cannot easily deal with big problems like air pollution -May not have political support