CONTRACT LAW EXAMINATION 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Define a unilateral offer? Answer: An offer to the world at large
⩥ In which case was it held that catalogues and price lists will usually be
invitations to treat and not offers? Answer: Grainger and Sons v Gough
⩥ What method of selling goods was considered in British Car Auctions
v Wright? Answer: Auction
⩥ When goods are sold at auction, what amounts to an offer? Answer: A
bid being received
⩥ When goods are sold at auction, what amounts to an acceptance?
Answer: The auctioneer's hammer ending bidding on that item
⩥ How can an offer which has not yet been accepted may be terminated?
Answer: Death of one of the parties, revocation, lapse of time, failure to
comply with the condition precedent
,⩥ What word is used in contract law to describe a situation in which an
offer has been rescinded, withdrawn or annulled? Answer: Revocation
⩥ What method of communication of revocation was at the heart of the
issue in Bryne v Van Tienhoven? Answer: Letter
⩥ Which of the following is the most accurate definition of an invitation
to treat? Answer: A preliminary statement expressing a willingness to
receive offers
⩥ What could be described as 'a promise for a promise'? Answer: A
bilateral contract
⩥ Define offer Answer: Expression of willingness to contract on specific
terms, made with the intention to be bound once the contract has been
accepted
⩥ Who is the offeror? Answer: Person making the offer
⩥ Who is the offeree? Answer: Person receiving the offer
⩥ How do the courts determine whether there was intention to be
bound? Answer: Objective test
, ⩥ Objective test for ascertaining intention Answer: If a reasonable
person believed the offeror implied by his words or conduct that he
intended to be bound
⩥ Where has the objective test been used to ascertain intention? Answer:
Moran v University College Salford, OT Africa Line Ltd v Vickers plc
⩥ Moran v University College Salford Answer: A university made an
unconditional offer in error
⩥ OT Africa Line Ltd v Vickers plc Answer: Solicitor mistakenly
offered to settle a claim for £150,000 rather than $155,000 that he'd been
instructed to offer by his client
⩥ Difference between offer and invitation to treat Answer: Intention to
be bound objectively ascertained
⩥ If the courts find an offer has intention to be bound, how else may it
be an invitation to treat? Answer: If one party knows either that the other
has no intention of contracting with them or is mistaken as to the
proposed terms, despite an objective appearance of agreement
⩥ Hartog v Colin & Shields Answer: If one party notices a mistake in
the terms, there is no offer
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Define a unilateral offer? Answer: An offer to the world at large
⩥ In which case was it held that catalogues and price lists will usually be
invitations to treat and not offers? Answer: Grainger and Sons v Gough
⩥ What method of selling goods was considered in British Car Auctions
v Wright? Answer: Auction
⩥ When goods are sold at auction, what amounts to an offer? Answer: A
bid being received
⩥ When goods are sold at auction, what amounts to an acceptance?
Answer: The auctioneer's hammer ending bidding on that item
⩥ How can an offer which has not yet been accepted may be terminated?
Answer: Death of one of the parties, revocation, lapse of time, failure to
comply with the condition precedent
,⩥ What word is used in contract law to describe a situation in which an
offer has been rescinded, withdrawn or annulled? Answer: Revocation
⩥ What method of communication of revocation was at the heart of the
issue in Bryne v Van Tienhoven? Answer: Letter
⩥ Which of the following is the most accurate definition of an invitation
to treat? Answer: A preliminary statement expressing a willingness to
receive offers
⩥ What could be described as 'a promise for a promise'? Answer: A
bilateral contract
⩥ Define offer Answer: Expression of willingness to contract on specific
terms, made with the intention to be bound once the contract has been
accepted
⩥ Who is the offeror? Answer: Person making the offer
⩥ Who is the offeree? Answer: Person receiving the offer
⩥ How do the courts determine whether there was intention to be
bound? Answer: Objective test
, ⩥ Objective test for ascertaining intention Answer: If a reasonable
person believed the offeror implied by his words or conduct that he
intended to be bound
⩥ Where has the objective test been used to ascertain intention? Answer:
Moran v University College Salford, OT Africa Line Ltd v Vickers plc
⩥ Moran v University College Salford Answer: A university made an
unconditional offer in error
⩥ OT Africa Line Ltd v Vickers plc Answer: Solicitor mistakenly
offered to settle a claim for £150,000 rather than $155,000 that he'd been
instructed to offer by his client
⩥ Difference between offer and invitation to treat Answer: Intention to
be bound objectively ascertained
⩥ If the courts find an offer has intention to be bound, how else may it
be an invitation to treat? Answer: If one party knows either that the other
has no intention of contracting with them or is mistaken as to the
proposed terms, despite an objective appearance of agreement
⩥ Hartog v Colin & Shields Answer: If one party notices a mistake in
the terms, there is no offer
