NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN EXAM
Actual Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2026 Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf.
1. Which organelles are directly involved in protein synthesis? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Ribosomes
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Mitochondria
Correct Answers: A, B
Ribosomes synthesize proteins, while the rough ER modifies and transports them. The Golgi
packages proteins but does not synthesize them.
2. Which changes occur during reversible cell injury? (Select all that apply.)
A. Cellular swelling
B. Decreased ATP production
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Cell membrane rupture
Correct Answers: A, B
Reversible injury involves early metabolic disturbances. Nuclear fragmentation and membrane
rupture indicate irreversible injury.
3. Causes of cellular hypoxia include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Ischemia
B. Anemia
,C. Hyperglycemia
D. Respiratory failure
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Hypoxia results from reduced oxygen delivery due to poor blood flow, low hemoglobin, or
impaired lung function.
4. Free radicals cause cell injury by: (Select all that apply.)
A. Damaging lipid membranes
B. Altering DNA structure
C. Increasing ATP synthesis
D. Oxidizing proteins
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Free radicals destabilize membranes, damage DNA, and denature proteins, leading to cellular
dysfunction.
5. Characteristics of apoptosis include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Programmed cell death
B. No inflammation
C. Cell swelling
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Apoptosis is a controlled process that avoids inflammation and involves DNA cleavage.
Questions 6–20: Inflammation
6. Which are classic signs of inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Swelling
D. Cyanosis
Correct Answers: A, B, C
The cardinal signs include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
, 7. Cells involved in acute inflammation include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Neutrophils
B. Mast cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answers: A, B
Neutrophils are first responders; mast cells release histamine early in inflammation.
8. Histamine effects include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Vasodilation
B. Increased capillary permeability
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Decreased edema
Correct Answers: A, B
Histamine increases blood flow and fluid leakage, causing redness and swelling.
9. Chronic inflammation is characterized by: (Select all that apply.)
A. Macrophage dominance
B. Fibrosis
C. Short duration
D. Ongoing tissue damage
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Chronic inflammation leads to prolonged tissue destruction and scarring.
10. Factors that delay wound healing include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Poor nutrition
B. Infection
C. Adequate oxygenation
D. Diabetes mellitus
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN EXAM
Actual Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2026 Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf.
1. Which organelles are directly involved in protein synthesis? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Ribosomes
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Mitochondria
Correct Answers: A, B
Ribosomes synthesize proteins, while the rough ER modifies and transports them. The Golgi
packages proteins but does not synthesize them.
2. Which changes occur during reversible cell injury? (Select all that apply.)
A. Cellular swelling
B. Decreased ATP production
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Cell membrane rupture
Correct Answers: A, B
Reversible injury involves early metabolic disturbances. Nuclear fragmentation and membrane
rupture indicate irreversible injury.
3. Causes of cellular hypoxia include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Ischemia
B. Anemia
,C. Hyperglycemia
D. Respiratory failure
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Hypoxia results from reduced oxygen delivery due to poor blood flow, low hemoglobin, or
impaired lung function.
4. Free radicals cause cell injury by: (Select all that apply.)
A. Damaging lipid membranes
B. Altering DNA structure
C. Increasing ATP synthesis
D. Oxidizing proteins
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Free radicals destabilize membranes, damage DNA, and denature proteins, leading to cellular
dysfunction.
5. Characteristics of apoptosis include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Programmed cell death
B. No inflammation
C. Cell swelling
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Apoptosis is a controlled process that avoids inflammation and involves DNA cleavage.
Questions 6–20: Inflammation
6. Which are classic signs of inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Swelling
D. Cyanosis
Correct Answers: A, B, C
The cardinal signs include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
, 7. Cells involved in acute inflammation include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Neutrophils
B. Mast cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answers: A, B
Neutrophils are first responders; mast cells release histamine early in inflammation.
8. Histamine effects include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Vasodilation
B. Increased capillary permeability
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Decreased edema
Correct Answers: A, B
Histamine increases blood flow and fluid leakage, causing redness and swelling.
9. Chronic inflammation is characterized by: (Select all that apply.)
A. Macrophage dominance
B. Fibrosis
C. Short duration
D. Ongoing tissue damage
Correct Answers: A, B, D
Chronic inflammation leads to prolonged tissue destruction and scarring.
10. Factors that delay wound healing include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Poor nutrition
B. Infection
C. Adequate oxygenation
D. Diabetes mellitus
