© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
, ArtificialIntelligence dt dt
A Modern Approach dt dt
Fourth Edition dt
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvigdt dt dt dt dt
with contributions from dt dt
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehran
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu dt dt dt dt dt dt
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online si
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
te for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
dt dt dt dt
exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the
d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
exercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are o
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt
nline rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and (b)
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
Copyright © 2022 dt dt
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
,EXERCISES d t dt
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be fo
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
und rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
1.1 What Is AI?
d t dt dt
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA dt
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
dt dt dt dt
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kno dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
wledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantif
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
iable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide range of
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
objectives in complex environments.” dt dt dt
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do t
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
he right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the cur
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
rent state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we reall
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
y desire. dt
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
ronment.dt
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given w
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
hat it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is pe
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt
rfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
ity and proposes an alternative definition.
dt dt dt dt dt dt
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such th
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
at the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
defined notion of truth.) dt dt dt
Exercise 1.1.#TURI dt
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objec
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt
tions to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
,
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
, ArtificialIntelligence dt dt
A Modern Approach dt dt
Fourth Edition dt
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvigdt dt dt dt dt
with contributions from dt dt
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehran
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu dt dt dt dt dt dt
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online si
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
te for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
dt dt dt dt
exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the
d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
exercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are o
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt
nline rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and (b)
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
Copyright © 2022 dt dt
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
,EXERCISES d t dt
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be fo
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
und rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
1.1 What Is AI?
d t dt dt
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA dt
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
dt dt dt dt
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kno dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
wledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantif
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
iable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide range of
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
objectives in complex environments.” dt dt dt
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do t
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
he right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the cur
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
rent state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we reall
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
y desire. dt
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
ronment.dt
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given w
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
hat it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is pe
dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt
rfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
ity and proposes an alternative definition.
dt dt dt dt dt dt
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such th
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
at the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
defined notion of truth.) dt dt dt
Exercise 1.1.#TURI dt
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objec
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d t dt dt dt dt dt dt
tions to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
,
