H&P II – Cardiovascular 2025/2026 Exam
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Central cyanosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased oxygenation of the arterial
blood in the lungs; appears as a bluish tinge of the conjunctivae and
mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue. Desaturation of hemoglobin
leads to bluish or darkened discoloration of the nail beds, earlobes, lips or
toes. May be indicative of impaired lung function or a right to left shunt in
congenital heart conditions
Peripheral cyanosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Occurs when blood flow to the
peripheral vessels is decreased by peripheral vacoconstriction; results from
low cardiac output or an increased extraction of oxygen from the peripheral
, tissues. when it is is localized in an extremity, it is usually a result of arterial
or venous insufficiency
Capillary refill - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A test that evaluates distal circulatory
system function by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail
bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.
Dependent edema - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Swelling in the part of the body closest
to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of
congestive heart failure.
Point of maximal impulse (PMI) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The point on the chest
wall over the heart at which the contraction of the heart is best seen or felt
(apex); normally at the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
Lateral displacement of PMI is suggestive of what? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Cardiomegaly
Heaves - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Sustained lifts of the chest wall in the precordial
area that can be seen or palpated.
Thrills - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Abnormal, palpable vibrations that signify turbulent
blood flow. Soft heart murmur.
Questions and Verified Answers |
Already Graded A+
Central cyanosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased oxygenation of the arterial
blood in the lungs; appears as a bluish tinge of the conjunctivae and
mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue. Desaturation of hemoglobin
leads to bluish or darkened discoloration of the nail beds, earlobes, lips or
toes. May be indicative of impaired lung function or a right to left shunt in
congenital heart conditions
Peripheral cyanosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Occurs when blood flow to the
peripheral vessels is decreased by peripheral vacoconstriction; results from
low cardiac output or an increased extraction of oxygen from the peripheral
, tissues. when it is is localized in an extremity, it is usually a result of arterial
or venous insufficiency
Capillary refill - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A test that evaluates distal circulatory
system function by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail
bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.
Dependent edema - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Swelling in the part of the body closest
to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of
congestive heart failure.
Point of maximal impulse (PMI) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The point on the chest
wall over the heart at which the contraction of the heart is best seen or felt
(apex); normally at the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
Lateral displacement of PMI is suggestive of what? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Cardiomegaly
Heaves - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Sustained lifts of the chest wall in the precordial
area that can be seen or palpated.
Thrills - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Abnormal, palpable vibrations that signify turbulent
blood flow. Soft heart murmur.
