Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology
Questions with Accurate Answers
Anatomy - ANSWERSthe study of the structure of the body
Physiology - ANSWERSthe study of the function of the body
Chemical level - ANSWERSrepresents the atoms and molecules that make up cells
(Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)
Cellular level - ANSWERSrepresents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - ANSWERSa group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level - ANSWERSa group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level - ANSWERSa group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level - ANSWERSthe entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System - ANSWERScontrols body temperature & protects body from
environmental hazards
Skeletal System - ANSWERSsupports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals,
forms blood cells
Muscular System - ANSWERSmovement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - ANSWERScontrols immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - ANSWERScontrols long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System - ANSWERSinternal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - ANSWERSdefense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system
Respiratory System - ANSWERSexchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from
tissues
Digestive System - ANSWERSingestion, breakdown and absorption of food &
elimination of indigestible wastes
,Urinary System - ANSWERSfiltration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance
and to eliminate waste products
Reproductive System - ANSWERSproduces sex cells and hormones related to
reproduction
homeostasis - ANSWERScondition in which body's internal environment remains within
certain narrow physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - ANSWERSadjustment of physiological system to maintain
homeostasis
receptor - ANSWERSmonitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input
to control center
control (integration) center - ANSWERSreceives input from receptor & determines
appropriate response
effector - ANSWERScell or organ that receives information (output) from control center
and produces a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - ANSWERSstimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent
pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
positive feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the
uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes
uterine contraction, etc. - ANSWERS...
Negative feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state.
Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose
from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - ANSWERS...
Anatomical position - ANSWERSpatient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly
Cephalic = head
Cranial - ANSWERSupper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - ANSWERSface
,cervical - ANSWERSneck
thoracic - ANSWERSchest
axillary - ANSWERSarmpit
acromial - ANSWERSpoint of shoulder
deltoid - ANSWERSfleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - ANSWERSupper arm
antebrachial - ANSWERSforearm
antecubital - ANSWERSfront of elbow
carpal - ANSWERSwrist
manual - ANSWERShand
digital (phalangeal) - ANSWERSfingers or toes
abdominal - ANSWERSregion of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - ANSWERSback
lumbar - ANSWERSlower back
olecranol - ANSWERSback of elbow
pelvic - ANSWERSpelvis
pubic - ANSWERSanterior pelvis
inguinal - ANSWERSjunction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - ANSWERSbuttocks
femoral - ANSWERSthigh
patellar - ANSWERSfront of knee
popliteal - ANSWERSback of knee
crural - ANSWERSanterior of lower leg (shin)
, sural - ANSWERSposterior of lower leg (calf)
tarsal - ANSWERSankle
pedal - ANSWERSfoot
plantar - ANSWERSbottom of foot
superior ( - ANSWERScephalic = cranial) = towards the head
inferior ( - ANSWERScaudal) = away from the head
anterior (ventral) - ANSWERStowards the front
posterior (dorsal) - ANSWERStowards the back
medial - ANSWERStowards the midline
lateral - ANSWERSaway from the midline
proximal - ANSWERStowards the point of attachment (limbs)
distal - ANSWERSaway from the point of attachment (limbs)
superficial - ANSWERStowards the surface (i.e., skin)
deep - ANSWERSaway from the surface
Sagittal - ANSWERSseparates the body into right and left parts
Midsaggital - ANSWERSmedian = separates the body into equal right and left parts
Parasaggital - ANSWERSseparates the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal - ANSWERScoronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse - ANSWERShorizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior
and inferior parts
. - ANSWERS...
dorsal body - ANSWERSThe two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity
and the ventral body cavity.
Questions with Accurate Answers
Anatomy - ANSWERSthe study of the structure of the body
Physiology - ANSWERSthe study of the function of the body
Chemical level - ANSWERSrepresents the atoms and molecules that make up cells
(Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)
Cellular level - ANSWERSrepresents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - ANSWERSa group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level - ANSWERSa group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level - ANSWERSa group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level - ANSWERSthe entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System - ANSWERScontrols body temperature & protects body from
environmental hazards
Skeletal System - ANSWERSsupports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals,
forms blood cells
Muscular System - ANSWERSmovement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - ANSWERScontrols immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - ANSWERScontrols long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System - ANSWERSinternal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - ANSWERSdefense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system
Respiratory System - ANSWERSexchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from
tissues
Digestive System - ANSWERSingestion, breakdown and absorption of food &
elimination of indigestible wastes
,Urinary System - ANSWERSfiltration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance
and to eliminate waste products
Reproductive System - ANSWERSproduces sex cells and hormones related to
reproduction
homeostasis - ANSWERScondition in which body's internal environment remains within
certain narrow physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - ANSWERSadjustment of physiological system to maintain
homeostasis
receptor - ANSWERSmonitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input
to control center
control (integration) center - ANSWERSreceives input from receptor & determines
appropriate response
effector - ANSWERScell or organ that receives information (output) from control center
and produces a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - ANSWERSstimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent
pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
positive feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the
uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes
uterine contraction, etc. - ANSWERS...
Negative feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state.
Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose
from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - ANSWERS...
Anatomical position - ANSWERSpatient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly
Cephalic = head
Cranial - ANSWERSupper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - ANSWERSface
,cervical - ANSWERSneck
thoracic - ANSWERSchest
axillary - ANSWERSarmpit
acromial - ANSWERSpoint of shoulder
deltoid - ANSWERSfleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - ANSWERSupper arm
antebrachial - ANSWERSforearm
antecubital - ANSWERSfront of elbow
carpal - ANSWERSwrist
manual - ANSWERShand
digital (phalangeal) - ANSWERSfingers or toes
abdominal - ANSWERSregion of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - ANSWERSback
lumbar - ANSWERSlower back
olecranol - ANSWERSback of elbow
pelvic - ANSWERSpelvis
pubic - ANSWERSanterior pelvis
inguinal - ANSWERSjunction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - ANSWERSbuttocks
femoral - ANSWERSthigh
patellar - ANSWERSfront of knee
popliteal - ANSWERSback of knee
crural - ANSWERSanterior of lower leg (shin)
, sural - ANSWERSposterior of lower leg (calf)
tarsal - ANSWERSankle
pedal - ANSWERSfoot
plantar - ANSWERSbottom of foot
superior ( - ANSWERScephalic = cranial) = towards the head
inferior ( - ANSWERScaudal) = away from the head
anterior (ventral) - ANSWERStowards the front
posterior (dorsal) - ANSWERStowards the back
medial - ANSWERStowards the midline
lateral - ANSWERSaway from the midline
proximal - ANSWERStowards the point of attachment (limbs)
distal - ANSWERSaway from the point of attachment (limbs)
superficial - ANSWERStowards the surface (i.e., skin)
deep - ANSWERSaway from the surface
Sagittal - ANSWERSseparates the body into right and left parts
Midsaggital - ANSWERSmedian = separates the body into equal right and left parts
Parasaggital - ANSWERSseparates the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal - ANSWERScoronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse - ANSWERShorizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior
and inferior parts
. - ANSWERS...
dorsal body - ANSWERSThe two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity
and the ventral body cavity.
